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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Psychology and MKULTRA Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 14th August, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Psychological Context of MKULTRA}}  \tn
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Official Dates: & 1953–1973 (official CIA program), initiated by CIA director Allen Dulles under Technical Services Staff chief Sidney Gottlieb. Roots trace back to WWII's OSS research into "truth serums" and to postwar Nazi and Japanese human experimentation data (Operation Paperclip). \tn 
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Geopolitical backdrop: & Cold War paranoia over Soviet and Chinese "brainwashing" techniques (Korean War POW confessions, show trials in Eastern Bloc). \tn 
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Core CIA concern: & Cold War fears of Soviet and Chinese "mind control" and "brainwashing" techniques. \tn 
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 & Korean War POW confessions and public recantations suggested to US intelligence that psychological conditioning could override loyalty. \tn 
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 & Soviet psychiatric abuses (e.g., using drugs and electroshock on dissidents) were seen as threats. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Psychological Context of MKULTRA (cont)}}  \tn
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Why psychology was central: & The human mind was viewed as a battlefield. \tn 
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 & If psychological science could explain how to break, reshape, or control a mind, then intelligence operations could achieve unparalleled influence over individuals. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Theories Behind MKULTRA}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Behaviourism and Operant Conditioning}}} \tn 
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Key figures: & John B. Watson (classical behaviourism), B.F. Skinner (operant conditioning). \tn 
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Core principles: & Behaviour is learned through conditioning. \tn 
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 & Positive/negative reinforcement can shape actions. \tn 
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 & Stimulus-response associations can override voluntary choice. \tn 
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MKULTRA application: & Could prisoners be "re-trained" through reward/punishment systems? \tn 
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 & Could fear, pain, or pleasure be strategically applied to elicit compliance? \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Classical Conditioning}}} \tn 
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Key figure: & Ivan Pavlov \tn 
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Principle: & Associating a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response. \tn 
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MKULTRA interest: & Create automatic triggers for certain behaviours — for example, a visual cue paired repeatedly with a drug effect to produce compliance without the drug. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Theories Behind MKULTRA (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Psychoanalytic Models}}} \tn 
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Influence: & Freud's concepts of repression, trauma, and unconscious drives. \tn 
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Later developments: & Ego psychology, trauma-induced suggestibility. \tn 
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MKULTRA link: & The belief that intense trauma could dissolve the ego and identity ("depatterning"), making the subject malleable. \tn 
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 & Rebuilding identity through "psychic driving" (repetitive messaging). \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Social Psychology}}} \tn 
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Relevant studies: & Conformity (Solomon Asch, 1951): Peer pressure can override personal judgment. \tn 
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 & Obedience to authority (Stanley Milgram, 1961): Ordinary people can inflict harm when instructed by authority. \tn 
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 & Role theory (Philip Zimbardo's later 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment): Situations and social roles can transform behaviour. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Theories Behind MKULTRA (cont)}}  \tn
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MKULTRA use: & Creating environments where the subject internalised the experimenter's authority, magnifying compliance. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cognitive Psychology}}} \tn 
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Emerging field in the 1950s–60s: & Focus on perception, memory, learning, decision-making. \tn 
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MKULTRA application: & Implanting false memories. \tn 
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 & Inducing amnesia for operational secrecy. \tn 
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 & Altering sensory processing to distort reality. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{MKULTRA's Psychological Objectives}}  \tn
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Behaviour Modification: & Rewriting responses to stimuli. \tn 
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 & Creating compliance in interrogation. \tn 
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Memory Erasure: & Removing recollection of specific events, useful for undercover agents or witnesses. \tn 
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Personality Reconstruction: & Destroying existing identity and replacing it with a new operational persona. \tn 
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Resistance Testing: & Measuring breaking points under stress. \tn 
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Mind Control Experiments: & Exploring if individuals could be programmed to carry out tasks without conscious awareness. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Methods and Experimentation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Drug-Based Experiments}}} \tn 
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LSD-25: Seen as a "psychochemical" to disorient and increase suggestibility. & Psychological theory link: Altered states lower critical thinking, allowing for reprogramming. \tn 
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 & Notable trials: Administered to CIA employees, military personnel, psychiatric patients, prisoners, and civilians without consent. \tn 
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Barbiturates + Amphetamines ("Truth Drug" Combination): & High dose of barbiturates → semi-conscious state → rapid stimulant injection → induced disorientation, making subjects more talkative. \tn 
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Scopolamine: & Caused confusion, impairing ability to lie. \tn 
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Mescaline: & Tested on prisoners in Germany by ex-Nazi doctors under CIA oversight. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sensory Manipulation}}} \tn 
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Sensory Deprivation: & Developed from John C. Lilly's work. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Methods and Experimentation (cont)}}  \tn
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 & Prolonged isolation caused hallucinations, anxiety, cognitive decline. \tn 
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 & Theory link: Removal of stimuli weakens ego defences, increasing compliance. \tn 
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Sensory Overload: & Continuous bright lights, loud noises, and visual flicker disrupted attention and induced mental fatigue. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hypnosis}}} \tn 
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Objective: & Increase susceptibility to suggestion; implant triggers or commands. \tn 
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Experiments: & Combination of hypnosis with drugs to bypass conscious resistance. \tn 
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Limitation: & Not all individuals are equally hypnotisable. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sleep Manipulation}}} \tn 
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Sleep Deprivation: & Disrupts circadian rhythm, causes paranoia, irritability, hallucinations. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Methods and Experimentation (cont)}}  \tn
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Drug-Induced Comas: & Ewen Cameron kept patients unconscious for weeks while subjecting them to repeated audio messages ("psychic driving"). \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Electroconvulsive and Neurological Methods}}} \tn 
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Montreal Experiments (Allen Memorial Institute): & "Depatterning" via massive doses of ECT and drugs. \tn 
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 & Aim: erase personality to rebuild anew. \tn 
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 & Result: permanent cognitive damage in many patients. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Documented Psychological Outcomes}}  \tn
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Short-Term: & Disorientation, euphoria, paranoia, confusion, suggestibility. \tn 
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Long-Term: & Chronic PTSD. \tn 
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 & Depersonalisation and derealisation. \tn 
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 & Cognitive impairment. \tn 
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 & Emotional blunting. \tn 
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Operational Results: & Highly inconsistent — some subjects became compliant, others hostile or permanently incapacitated. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ethical Violations (Psychology Perspective)}}  \tn
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No informed consent: & Violates APA Code of Ethics and Nuremberg Code. \tn 
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Use of vulnerable groups: & Prisoners, psychiatric patients, minorities, children in orphanages. \tn 
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Permanent harm: & Violated principle of non-maleficence. \tn 
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Covert dosing: & Psychological betrayal eroded public trust in psychiatry. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Insights Learned}}  \tn
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Mind control is limited: & Human identity is more resilient than assumed. \tn 
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Memory malleability confirmed: & False memories possible; erasure unreliable. \tn 
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Trauma as a double-edged sword: & Extreme stress can cause compliance but also unpredictability. \tn 
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Social environment is critical: & Isolation and authority structures can powerfully shape behaviour. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Case Study – Frank Olson}}  \tn
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Background: & CIA bacteriologist, unwittingly dosed with LSD in 1953. \tn 
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Psychological reaction: & Acute paranoia, confusion, depressive collapse. \tn 
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Outcome: & Fell to his death from NYC hotel (officially suicide, but contested). \tn 
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Significance: & Demonstrated unpredictability of psychological drug effects even in trained individuals. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legacy in Psychology}}  \tn
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Regulatory reform: & 1974 National Research Act (US). \tn 
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 & Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) became mandatory. \tn 
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 & Greater emphasis on informed consent. \tn 
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Public awareness: & MKULTRA revelations fuelled scepticism about psychiatry's ties to state power. \tn 
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Academic caution: & High-risk psychological research now more heavily scrutinised. \tn 
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% That's all folks
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