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\author{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (monarchs-of-england-timeline-1066-present.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (RainyMoons (RainyMoons))
  /Subject (Monarchs of England Timeline (1066-Present) Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Monarchs of England Timeline (1066-Present) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/153402/cs/44078/}}}
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  \vspace{-2pt}RainyMoons (RainyMoons) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/rainymoons} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 10th August, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Norman Dynasty (1066–1154)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{William I (William the Conqueror)}} 1066–1087 & {\bf{1066}}: Wins the Battle of Hastings, defeating King Harold II, and becomes the first Norman King of England. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{1069–1070}}: Harrying of the North, a brutal campaign to subdue Northern England. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{1085–1086}}: Commissioning of the Domesday Book, a comprehensive survey of land and resources in England. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1087, succeeded by his son William II. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{William II (William Rufus)}} 1087–1100 & Continued his father's efforts to consolidate Norman control over England. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Known for conflicts with the Church and his barons. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{1100}}: Killed in a hunting accident in the New Forest under mysterious circumstances, succeeded by his brother Henry I. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 7)
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\vfill
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Norman Dynasty (1066–1154) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Henry I}} 1100-1135 & {\bf{1106}}: Battle of Tinchebray, defeating his brother Robert Curthose and securing Normandy. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Issued the Charter of Liberties, a precursor to the Magna Carta. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & His only legitimate son, William Adelin, died in the White Ship disaster (1120), leading to a succession crisis. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1135, succeeded by his nephew Stephen. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Stephen}} 1135-1154 & His reign was marked by a civil war known as The Anarchy, fought against his cousin Matilda, daughter of Henry I. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{1153}}: Treaty of Wallingford, where Stephen agrees to recognize Matilda's son, Henry, as his heir. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Norman Dynasty (1066–1154) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
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 & {\bf{Death}}: 1154, succeeded by Henry II, the first of the Plantagenet kings. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Plantagenet Dynasty (1154–1399)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Henry II}} 1154-1189 & Restored order after The Anarchy and expanded the Angevin Empire. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{1170}}: Murder of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, leading to a significant conflict with the Church. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Implemented judicial reforms that laid the foundation for English Common Law. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1189, succeeded by his son Richard I. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Richard I (Richard the Lionheart)}} 1189-1199 & Renowned for his role in the Third Crusade, spending most of his reign outside England. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{1192}}: Captured and held for ransom by Duke Leopold of Austria. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & His absence led to unrest and heavy taxation in England. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1199 from a wound sustained during a siege, succeeded by his brother John. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Plantagenet Dynasty (1154–1399) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
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{\bf{John (John Lackland)}} 1199-1216 & Lost most of the Angevin Empire's French territories, leading to the nickname "Lackland." \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{1215}}: Forced to sign the Magna Carta, a seminal document in limiting the power of the monarchy. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & His reign saw the start of the First Barons' War. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1216, succeeded by his son Henry III. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Henry III}} 1216-1272 & Long reign marked by struggles with the barons, leading to the Second Barons' War. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{1265}}: Simon de Montfort's parliament is the first to include commoners, a significant step towards representative government \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 7)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Rebuilt Westminster Abbey in the Gothic style. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Plantagenet Dynasty (1154–1399) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
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 & {\bf{Death}}: 1272, succeeded by his son Edward I. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Edward I (Longshanks)}} 1272-1307 & Conquered Wales and built numerous castles to secure control. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{1296}}: Invaded Scotland, beginning a series of conflicts known as the Wars of Scottish Independence. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{1297}}: Faced the rebellion of William Wallace, a Scottish national hero. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1307, succeeded by his son Edward II. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Edward II}} 1307-1327 & Defeated by Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, losing English control over Scotland. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & His close relationships with male favorites, such as Piers Gaveston and Hugh Despenser, led to conflict with the nobility. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Plantagenet Dynasty (1154–1399) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
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 & Deposed by his wife, Isabella of France, and her lover, Roger Mortimer. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1327, likely murdered; succeeded by his son Edward III. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Edward III}} 1327–1377 & Restored royal authority and began the Hundred Years' War against France in 1337, asserting a claim to the French throne. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
 & His reign saw the rise of the English Parliament and the Black Death (1348-1350). \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The victories at Crécy (1346) and Poitiers (1356) were significant in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1377, succeeded by his grandson Richard II. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Richard II}} 1377-1399 & Became king at age 10, leading to a regency council dominated by his uncles. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Plantagenet Dynasty (1154–1399) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{1381}}: Faced the Peasants' Revolt, which was brutally suppressed. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
 & His later years saw increasing autocracy and conflict with the nobility, leading to his deposition by his cousin Henry Bolingbroke. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1400, likely murdered in captivity; succeeded by Henry IV, beginning the Lancastrian branch of the Plantagenets. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The House of Lancaster (1399–1461, 1470–1471)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Henry IV}} 1399-1413 & First king from the House of Lancaster, having deposed Richard II. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Faced multiple rebellions, including the Percy Rebellion and the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr in Wales. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Struggled with illness towards the end of his reign, leading to a transfer of power to his son. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1413, succeeded by his son Henry V. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Henry V}} 1413-1422 & Renowned for his military leadership in the Hundred Years' War, most notably at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Secured the Treaty of Troyes (1420), recognizing him as heir to the French throne and regent of France. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Died unexpectedly of dysentery during a campaign in France. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The House of Lancaster (1399–1461, 1470–1471) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1422, succeeded by his infant son Henry VI. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Henry VI}} 1422–1461 (first reign), 1470–1471 (second reign) & Ascended to the throne as a child, with his minority marked by regency councils. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & His reign saw the continuation of the Hundred Years' War, culminating in the loss of all English territories in France except Calais. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & His mental illness and weak leadership led to the Wars of the Roses, a dynastic conflict between the Houses of Lancaster and York. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Deposed twice, first by Edward IV in 1461 and briefly restored in 1470 before his final defeat and death. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1471, likely murdered in the Tower of London, succeeded by Edward IV. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The House of York (1461–1470, 1471–1485)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Edward IV}} 1461–1470 (first reign), 1471–1483 (second reign) & First Yorkist king, taking the throne from Henry VI during the Wars of the Roses. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Successfully defeated the Lancastrian forces at battles such as Towton (1461) and Tewkesbury (1471). \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Restored stability and strengthened the monarchy after re-establishing his rule. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1483, succeeded by his son Edward V. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Edward V}} April–June 1483 & One of the "Princes in the Tower," he was never crowned and disappeared along with his brother Richard, Duke of York. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & His uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, took the throne as Richard III. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Disappearance}}: 1483, presumed murdered; succeeded by Richard III. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
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{\bf{Richard III}} 1483–1485 & Became king after declaring his nephews illegitimate, but his rule was marred by suspicion over the fate of the Princes in the Tower. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Faced rebellion from supporters of Henry Tudor, the Lancastrian claimant. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{1485}}: Killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field, marking the end of the Wars of the Roses and the Plantagenet dynasty. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1485, succeeded by Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Tudor Dynasty (1485–1603)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Henry VII}} 1485-1509 & Founded the Tudor dynasty by defeating Richard III at Bosworth Field and marrying Elizabeth of York to unite the warring houses of Lancaster and York. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Established a strong central government, improved the economy, and reduced the power of the nobility. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1509, succeeded by his son Henry VIII. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Henry VIII}} 1509-1547 & Famous for his six marriages and the English Reformation, which saw the break from the Roman Catholic Church and the establishment of the Church of England. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{1534}}: Act of Supremacy, declaring him Supreme Head of the Church of England. \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Dissolution of the Monasteries (1536-1541) and significant religious and political upheaval. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Tudor Dynasty (1485–1603) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
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 & {\bf{Death}}: 1547, succeeded by his son Edward VI. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Edward VI}} 1547-1553 & A devout Protestant, his reign saw the further establishment of Protestantism in England through the Book of Common Prayer and other reforms. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & His health was poor, and he died young, leading to a succession crisis. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1553, succeeded by his cousin Lady Jane Grey (disputed), followed by Mary I. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mary I (Bloody Mary)}} 1553-1558 & The first queen regnant of England, she sought to restore Roman Catholicism after the Protestant reforms of her father and brother. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Known for her persecution of Protestants, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary." \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Tudor Dynasty (1485–1603) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Married Philip II of Spain, a deeply unpopular move among her subjects. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1558, succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth I. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Elizabeth I}} 1558-1603 & The Elizabethan Era is noted for the flourishing of English culture, including the works of William Shakespeare, and the expansion of English power overseas. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 8)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{1588}}: Defeat of the Spanish Armada, establishing England as a major naval power. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Her reign also saw religious tensions but established a relatively stable Protestant Church of England. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1603, ending the Tudor dynasty, succeeded by James I, uniting the crowns of England and Scotland. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Stuart Dynasty (1603–1714)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{James I (James VI of Scotland)}} 1603-1625 & First monarch to rule both England and Scotland, starting the Stuart dynasty. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{1605}}: Gunpowder Plot, a failed Catholic conspiracy to blow up Parliament and kill the king. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Commissioned the King James Bible, an enduring legacy in English-speaking Protestantism. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1625, succeeded by his son Charles I. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Charles I}} 1625-1649 & His reign was marked by conflicts with Parliament, leading to the English Civil War (1642–1651). \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{1649}}: Tried and executed for treason, leading to the temporary abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Stuart Dynasty (1603–1714) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Interregnum (Commonwealth and Protectorate)}} 1649-1660 & England was declared a republic, and Oliver Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & After Cromwell's death, the Protectorate collapsed, leading to the restoration of the monarchy. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Charles II}} 1660-1685 & Restored to the throne in 1660, his reign is known as the Restoration period. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Faced challenges like the Great Plague (1665) and the Great Fire of London (1666). \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Navigated religious tensions between Anglicans, Catholics, and dissenters. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1685, succeeded by his brother James II. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{James II}} 1685-1688 & A Catholic king in a predominantly Protestant country, his attempts to promote Catholicism led to widespread discontent. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Stuart Dynasty (1603–1714) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{1688}}: Deposed during the Glorious Revolution, succeeded by his daughter Mary II and her husband, William III. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{William III and Mary II}} Reign: 1689–1702 (William III), 1689–1694 (Mary II) & Jointly ruled after the Glorious Revolution, which established constitutional monarchy and parliamentary sovereignty. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{1689}}: Bill of Rights, a key document in the development of the British constitutional system. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Their reign saw the end of absolute monarchy and the beginning of a more modern constitutional state. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Anne}} 1702-1714 & Last monarch of the Stuart dynasty, her reign saw the Act of Union (1707), which united England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Stuart Dynasty (1603–1714) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Her reign also saw the War of the Spanish Succession, which established Britain as a major European power. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Died without surviving heirs, succeeded by the House of Hanover. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The House of Hanover (1714–1901)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{George I}} 1714-1727 & First Hanoverian king, his reign marked the beginning of the modern British parliamentary system. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & His reliance on ministers like Robert Walpole, often considered the first Prime Minister, strengthened the role of Parliament. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1727, succeeded by his son George II. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{George II}} 1727-1760 & Last British monarch to lead troops into battle, at the Battle of Dettingen (1743) during the War of the Austrian Succession. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & His reign saw the expansion of British influence overseas, particularly in North America and India. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Faced the Jacobite Rebellion of 1745, led by Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie), which was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The House of Hanover (1714–1901) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1760, succeeded by his grandson George III. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{George III}} 1760-1820 & His long reign saw the American Revolution (1775–1783), leading to the loss of the American colonies. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Suffered from bouts of mental illness, leading to the Regency of his son, the future George IV, from 1811. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Oversaw the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), which ended with the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1820, succeeded by his son George IV. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{George IV}} 1820-1830 & Known for his extravagant lifestyle and as a patron of the arts and architecture, including the construction of the Royal Pavilion in Brighton. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & His reign saw the passage of the Catholic Emancipation Act (1829), which allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The House of Hanover (1714–1901) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1830, succeeded by his brother William IV. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{William IV}} 1830-1837 & Known as the "Sailor King," he had a naval career before ascending the throne. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & His reign saw the passage of the Reform Act 1832, which began the process of electoral reform and expanded the franchise. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1837, succeeded by his niece Victoria. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Victoria}} 1837-1901 & Her 63-year reign is known as the Victorian Era, a period of significant industrial, cultural, political, and military changes in the United Kingdom. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The British Empire expanded to its height, becoming the largest empire in history. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Her reign saw the Great Exhibition (1851), the Crimean War (1853–1856), and numerous social reforms. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The House of Hanover (1714–1901) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1901, succeeded by her son Edward VII. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.92 cm} x{4.08 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The House of Saxe-Coburg/Windsor (1901–Present)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Edward VII}} 1901-1910 & Known for his diplomacy and strengthening ties between Britain and other European nations, particularly France (leading to the Entente Cordiale). \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & His reign marked the beginning of the Edwardian Era, characterized by relative social stability and the continuation of the British Empire's global influence. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Death: 1910, succeeded by his son George V. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{George V}} 1910-1936 & His reign saw World War I (1914–1918), after which the British Empire reached its zenith but also faced significant changes. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{1917}}: Changed the royal house's name from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor, in response to anti-German sentiment during World War I. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.92 cm} x{4.08 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The House of Saxe-Coburg/Windsor (1901–Present) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & His reign also saw the rise of Irish independence, leading to the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1936, succeeded by his son Edward VIII. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Edward VIII}} January–December 1936 & Abdicated the throne to marry Wallis Simpson, an American divorcee, causing a constitutional crisis. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & His abdication led to his brother Albert becoming king as George VI. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Abdication}}: 1936, succeeded by his brother George VI. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{George VI}} 1936-1952 & Known for his leadership during World War II, including his morale-boosting visits to bombed-out areas of London. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & His reign saw the start of the decolonization of the British Empire, with India gaining independence in 1947. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.92 cm} x{4.08 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The House of Saxe-Coburg/Windsor (1901–Present) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Also saw the creation of the modern Commonwealth. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Death}}: 1952, succeeded by his daughter Elizabeth II. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Elizabeth II}} 1952-2022 & The longest-reigning British monarch, overseeing significant changes in British society, the monarchy, and the Commonwealth. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Her reign saw the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean, the UK's entry into and exit from the European Union, and numerous technological and social changes. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 9)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Celebrated her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 and became the longest-reigning British monarch in 2015. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Death: 2022, succeeded by her son Charles III. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.92 cm} x{4.08 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The House of Saxe-Coburg/Windsor (1901–Present) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Charles III}} 2022-Present & Ascended the throne after the death of Elizabeth II. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & His reign continues to focus on the modernization of the monarchy and issues like climate change, reflecting his long-standing personal interests as Prince of Wales. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}