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\author{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (major-european-dynasties.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (RainyMoons (RainyMoons))
  /Subject (Major European Dynasties Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Major European Dynasties Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/153402/cs/44093/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}RainyMoons (RainyMoons) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/rainymoons} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 13th August, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plantagenet Dynasty (England)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1154–1399 (Angevin line); 1399–1461, 1470–1485 (Lancaster and York branches) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Henry II (r. 1154–1189)}}: Founder of the dynasty, established English common law \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Richard I (r. 1189–1199)}}: "The Lionheart," famous for his role in the Crusades \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Edward I (r. 1272–1307)}}: Conqueror of Wales, known for legal reforms \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Edward III (r. 1327–1377)}}: Led England during the Hundred Years' War \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Henry VI (r. 1422–1461, 1470–1471)}}: His weak rule led to the Wars of the Roses \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Plantagenets oversaw the development of English law and governance and were central figures in the conflicts that shaped medieval England, including the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Habsburg Dynasty (Austria, Spain, Holy Roman)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1273–1918 (Holy Roman Empire); 1516–1700 (Spain) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Maximilian I (r. 1493–1519)}}: Expanded the Habsburg influence through strategic marriages \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Charles V (r. 1519–1556)}}: Ruled a vast empire where "the sun never set" \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Philip II (r. 1556–1598)}}: King of Spain, led the Spanish Armada against England \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Maria Theresa (r. 1740–1780)}}: Last of the direct Habsburg line, reformed the Austrian Empire \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Habsburgs were one of Europe's most powerful families, ruling over vast territories in Central Europe and Spain. Their strategic marriages and political alliances shaped the course of European history for centuries \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tudor Dynasty (England)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1485–1603 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Henry VII (r. 1485–1509)}}: Founder of the Tudor dynasty, ended the Wars of the Roses \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547)}}: Established the Church of England \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Elizabeth I (r. 1558–1603)}}: The "Virgin Queen," presided over the Elizabethan Golden Age \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Tudors oversaw the English Reformation and the expansion of English power, laying the groundwork for the British Empire. Elizabeth I's reign is often seen as a high point in English history \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bourbon Dynasty (France, Spain)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1589–1792, 1814–1830 (France); 1700–present (Spain \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Henry IV (r. 1589–1610)}}: First Bourbon king of France, issued the Edict of Nantes \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Louis XIV (r. 1643–1715)}}: "The Sun King," centralized French power \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Philip V (r. 1700–1746)}}: First Bourbon king of Spain \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Louis XVI (r. 1774–1792)}}: Last Bourbon king of France before the Revolution \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Bourbons were a dominant force in European politics, particularly in France and Spain. Their reigns were marked by absolute monarchy, significant cultural achievements, and in France, the eventual fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Romanov Dynasty (Russia)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1613-1917 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725)}}: Westernized Russia, expanded its territory \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Catherine the Great (r. 1762–1796)}}: Continued Peter's reforms, expanded Russian influence \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Nicholas II (r. 1894–1917)}}: Last Romanov tsar, overthrown during the Russian Revolution \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Romanovs transformed Russia into a major European power and presided over its expansion across Eurasia. Their downfall in 1917 marked the end of the Russian Empire and the beginning of the Soviet era \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1544-present \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{William the Silent (r. 1544–1584)}}: Leader of the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{William III (r. 1672–1702)}}: Stadtholder of the Netherlands and King of England \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The House of Orange-Nassau played a crucial role in the establishment of the Dutch Republic and the fight for Dutch independence. The family continues to rule in the Netherlands today. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Hohenzollern (Prussia, Germany)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1415–1918 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Frederick the Great (r. 1740–1786)}}: Expanded Prussian power, reformed the military. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Wilhelm I (r. 1861–1888)}}: First German Emperor, oversaw German unification \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Wilhelm II (r. 1888–1918)}}: Last German Emperor, his policies led to World War I \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Hohenzollerns were central to the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire. Their reign ended with the abdication of Wilhelm II after World War I \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Savoy (Italy)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1003–1946 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Victor Emmanuel II (r. 1861–1878)}}: First King of a united Italy \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Victor Emmanuel III (r. 1900–1946)}}: King during both World Wars, abdicated in 1946 \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The House of Savoy played a central role in the unification of Italy in the 19th century. They ruled Italy until the monarchy was abolished in 1946 following World War II \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Wittelsbach (Bavaria, Palatinate)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1180–1918 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Maximilian I (r. 1597–1651)}}: Leader of the Catholic League during the Thirty Years' War. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Ludwig II (r. 1864–1886)}}: Known for his extravagant castles, including Neuschwanstein \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Wittelsbachs were influential in both the Holy Roman Empire and later in Bavaria. They were strong supporters of Catholicism during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Capetian Dynasty (France)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 987–1328 (Capetian direct line); 1328–1589 (Valois branch); 1589–1792, 1814–1830 (Bourbon branch) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Hugh Capet (r. 987–996)}}: Founder of the dynasty \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Philip II Augustus (r. 1180–1223)}}: Expanded French territories \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Louis IX (r. 1226–1270)}}: Saint Louis, led two Crusades \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Charles V (r. 1364–1380)}}: Valois king, strengthened the monarchy \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Louis XIV (r. 1643–1715)}}: "The Sun King," epitome of absolute monarchy \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Capetians established the French monarchy's foundations and expanded France's influence in Europe. The Valois and Bourbon branches continued this legacy, with the Bourbons becoming one of Europe's most powerful royal families. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Borgia (Spain, Papal States)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 15-16th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Rodrigo Borgia (Pope Alexander VI) (r. 1492-1503)}}: Known for his controversial papacy \& political machinations \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Cesare Borgia (d.1507)}}: Son of Alexander VI, a military leader \& political strategist, whose actions influenced Renaissance Italy \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Borgias were known for their political influence \& controversies in Renaissance Italy. Their attempts to consolidate power in the Papal States \& their familial ambitions were significant in the politics of the era \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Nassau-Siegen (Germany)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 16th-18th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Count John VIII of Nassau-Siegen (r. 1596-1623)}}: Prominent military leader \& diplomat in the Thirty Years' War \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Count William of Nassau-Siegen (r.1610-1642)}}: His leadership in various conflicts solidified the family's influence in the region \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Nassau-Siegen family played a notable role in the military \& political affairs of the Holy Roman Empire, particularly during the Thirty Years' War \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Korybut (Poland)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 14th-15th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Władysław II Jagiełło (r. 1386–1434)}}: Founded the Jagiellonian dynasty, which unified Poland and Lithuania \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Korybut family was influential in Polish politics during the late medieval period, particularly through their connection with the broader Jagiellonian dynasty \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Carafa (Naples)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 15th-17th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Giovanni Carafa (r. 1487–1500)}}: A prominent noble who served in various administrative and military roles in Naples \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Marcantonio Carafa (r. 1547–1560)}}: Duke of Nocera and influential in the politics of the Kingdom of Naples \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Carafa family was influential in Naples, with significant roles in regional governance and military affairs during the Renaissance and early modern period \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Báthory (Transylvania)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 12th-17th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Stephen Báthory (r. 1571–1586)}}: King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, known for his military campaigns and internal reforms \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Elizabeth Báthory (1560–1614)}}: Known as the "Blood Countess," infamous for alleged crimes, her actions have become a subject of legend and historical intrigue \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Báthory family was influential in Transylvanian and Polish politics. Stephen Báthory's reign was marked by military and political achievements, while Elizabeth Báthory's infamy contributed to her historical legacy. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Guelph (Germany, England)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 9th–19th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Henry the Lion (r. 1142–1195)}}: Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, influential in the politics of the Holy Roman Empire \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{George I of Great Britain (r. 1714–1727)}}: First monarch from the House of Hanover, established the Hanoverian dynasty in Britain \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Guelphs were prominent in both German and British history, with significant roles in the Holy Roman Empire and British monarchy \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Capet (France)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 987-1328 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Hugh Capet (r. 987–996)}}: Founder of the Capetian dynasty, establishing a long-lasting royal house \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Philip IV (r. 1285–1314)}}: Known for his centralization of royal power and conflicts with the nobility \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Capetian dynasty was crucial in establishing and consolidating the French monarchy, shaping the governance and territorial expansion of medieval France \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Battenberg (Germany, UK)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 19th-20th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Prince Louis of Battenberg (1854–1921)}}: Prominent naval officer and father of Earl Mountbatten of Burma \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979)}}: Key figure in the independence of India and prominent in British royal and political circles \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Battenberg family, later known as Mountbatten, played a notable role in British and European politics, particularly through its connections with the British royal family \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Gonzaga (Mantua)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1328–1708 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Ludovico III Gonzaga (r. 1444–1478)}}: Marquess of Mantua, known for his patronage of the arts and involvement in Italian politics \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Ferdinand Gonzaga (r. 1612–1626)}}: Duke of Mantua, known for his role in the Thirty Years' War \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Gonzaga family played a crucial role in the politics of Renaissance Italy, known for their patronage of the arts and involvement in military conflicts \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Visconti (Milan)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 13th-15th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Gian Galeazzo Visconti (r. 1378–1402)}}: First Duke of Milan, known for his expansion of Milanese territories and attempts to create a unified northern Italian state \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Visconti family was a dominant force in Northern Italy during the late Middle Ages, known for their military conquests, political influence, and patronage of the arts. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Farnese (Parma)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 16th-18th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Alessandro Farnese (r. 1586–1592)}}: Duke of Parma and Piacenza, known for his military leadership during the Eighty Years' War and his efforts in the Counter-Reformation \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Farnese family was a powerful ducal house in Italy, known for their military achievements and significant contributions to the arts and architecture, including the construction of the Farnese Palace \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Stuart (Scotland, England, Ireland)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1371–1603 (Scotland); 1603–1714 (England and Ireland) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{James I (r. 1603–1625)}}: First Stuart king of England, oversaw the union of the English and Scottish crowns \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Charles I (r. 1625–1649)}}: His conflicts with Parliament led to the English Civil War \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–1567)}}: Her turbulent reign and execution had lasting impacts on English-Scottish relations \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Stuarts ruled during a period of significant religious and political upheaval in Britain, including the English Civil War, the Restoration, and the Glorious Revolution, which led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Bagrationi (Georgia)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 888–1810 (in various forms, earlier roots claimed) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{David IV the Builder (r. 1089–1125)}}: Known for his military victories and cultural achievements, significantly expanded the Kingdom of Georgia \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Tamar the Great (r. 1184–1213)}}: The first female ruler of Georgia, led the kingdom into a golden age \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Bagrationi dynasty was one of the longest-reigning dynasties in the world, ruling over Georgia for centuries. They presided over a period of cultural and political prosperity, particularly under David IV and Tamar \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Aragon (Spain, Naples, Sicily)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1305-1707 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Ferdinand II of Aragon (r. 1479–1516)}}: His marriage to Isabella I of Castile unified Spain and laid the foundation for the Spanish Empire \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Alfonso V of Aragon (r. 1416–1458)}}: Expanded Aragonese influence into Italy, becoming King of Naples \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The House of Aragon was pivotal in the formation of a unified Spain through the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, known as the Catholic Monarchs. They also played a crucial role in Mediterranean politics, particularly in Sicily and Naples \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Bourbon-Parma (Parma, Spain, Italy)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1731-present (in various forms) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Philip, Duke of Parma (r. 1748–1765)}}: Established the Bourbon-Parma line, which ruled over Parma, Piacenza, and later other territories \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Charles III of Spain (r. 1759–1788)}}: Also Duke of Parma before becoming King of Spain, known for his reforms and enlightened rule \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Bourbon-Parma line is a cadet branch of the Spanish Bourbons. It played a significant role in the politics of the Italian Peninsula, particularly in the Duchy of Parma. The family continues to claim various titles, although their political power has significantly diminished \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Valois (France)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1328-1589 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Philip VI (r. 1328-1350)}}: First Valois king, his claim to the throne sparked the Hundred Years' War \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Charles VII (r. 1422–1461)}}: Recovered France from English control with the help of Joan of Arc \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Henry II (r. 1547–1559)}}: His reign was marked by the beginning of the French Wars of Religion \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Valois dynasty steered France through the turbulent period of the Hundred Years' War and the subsequent Wars of Religion. Their reign saw the consolidation of royal power in France, despite the challenges of internal conflict and external war \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Hohenstaufen (Holy Roman, Sicily)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1138-1254 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1155–1190)}}: Holy Roman Emperor, sought to restore imperial authority in Italy and led the Third Crusade \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Frederick II (r. 1220–1250)}}: Known as "Stupor Mundi" (Wonder of the World), he was a scholar and reformer who clashed with the Papacy \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Hohenstaufens were central to the medieval conflict between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire, known as the Investiture Controversy. Their rule marked a high point in the empire's influence over Italy, though it eventually led to prolonged conflicts that weakened the imperial power. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Jagiellon (Pol-Lith, Hungary, Bohemia)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1386-1572 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Władysław II Jagiełło (r. 1386–1434)}}: Founder of the Jagiellonian dynasty, united Poland and Lithuania \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Sigismund I the Old (r. 1506–1548)}}: Strengthened the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Jagiellons were instrumental in the formation and stability of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which became one of the largest and most powerful states in Europe during the Renaissance \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Anjou (Naples, Hungary, Poland)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1266–1442 (Naples); 1308–1387 (Hungary); 1370–1382 (Poland) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Charles I of Anjou (r. 1266–1285)}}: King of Naples, established the Anjou rule in southern Italy \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Louis I of Hungary (r. 1342–1382)}}: Expanded Hungary's territories, ruled over Poland as well \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Angevins were a powerful force in Southern Italy, Hungary, and Poland during the late medieval period, playing a significant role in European politics and warfare \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Luxembourg (Bohemia, Holy Roman)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1308-1437 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Charles IV (r. 1346–1378)}}: Holy Roman Emperor, oversaw the Golden Age of Bohemia \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Sigismund (r. 1410–1437)}}: Last Luxembourg emperor, presided over the Council of Constance \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The House of Luxembourg was influential in the Holy Roman Empire and Central Europe during the late medieval period. Their rule was marked by cultural and architectural achievements, particularly in Bohemia \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Vasa (Sweden, Poland-Lithuania)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1523–1654 (Sweden); 1587–1668 (Poland-Lithuania) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Gustav I (r. 1523–1560)}}: Founder of the Vasa dynasty, liberated Sweden from Danish rule \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Sigismund III (r. 1587–1632)}}: King of Poland and Sweden, attempted to unify the two countries \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Vasa dynasty was central to the establishment of the Swedish Empire and its role in European conflicts, such as the Thirty Years' War \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Hohenberg (Swabia)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 12th-14th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Count Ulrich IV (r. 1191-1230)}}: Expanded the family's influence in Swabia \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Count Hartmann III (r. 1271-1291)}}: His reign marked significant territorial \& political changes in Swabia \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Hohenbergs were a prominent Swabian family, influential in the region's politics \& territorial disputes during the late medieval period. Their influence declined after the 14th century \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Saxe-Coburg \& Gotha (UK, Belgium}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1840-1917 (UK); 1831-present (Belgium) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901)}}: Originally from the House of Saxe-Coburg \& Gotha, her reign saw the expansion of the British Empire \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{King Leopold I (r. 1831-1865)}}: First of Belgium from the Saxe-Coburg \& Gotha family \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The House of Saxe-Coburg \& Gotha was a key player in European politics, influencing both British \& Belgian history. The British branch was renamed the House of Windsor in 1917 due to anti-German sentiment during WWI \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Saxe-Weimar (Germany)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1572-1920 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Duke Wilhelm IV (r. 1572–1592)}}: Established the Saxe-Weimar line within the larger Wettin dynasty \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst (r. 1903–1918)}}: Last ruling Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, his reign ended with the abdication of the German monarchy \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Saxe-Weimar branch was significant in the German principalities, known for its contributions to education, arts, and military. The dynasty's influence continued until the end of World War I \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Poniatowski (Poland)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 16th-18th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Stanisław August Poniatowski (r. 1764–1795)}}: Last King of Poland, known for his efforts to reform the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and his role in the country's eventual partition \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Poniatowski dynasty played a crucial role in the final years of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, with Stanisław August's reign marking the end of Polish independence before the partitions \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Welf (Germany)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 9th-13th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Henry the Lion (r. 1142–1195)}}: Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, influential in the Holy Roman Empire's politics and military \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Welf dynasty was significant in medieval German history, particularly in the Holy Roman Empire, and played a role in regional politics and conflicts \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (Romania)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1850-1947 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Karl I of Romania (r. 1914–1927)}}: Known for his efforts to maintain Romanian neutrality during World War I and his attempts at domestic reform \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen dynasty played a crucial role in Romanian history, particularly during the early 20th century, influencing Romanian politics and society \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Yngling (Norway, Sweden)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 8th–10th centuries (mythical origins to historical rule) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Harald Fairhair (r. 872–930)}}: Traditionally regarded as the first King of Norway, credited with unifying the country \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Eric the Victorious (r. 970–995)}}: Considered the first King of Sweden, credited with consolidating the kingdom \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Yngling dynasty is legendary in Scandinavian history, credited with the early formation and unification of Norway and Sweden, influencing the region's medieval development \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Pálffy (Hungary)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 15th–19th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Miklós Pálffy (c. 1560–1604)}}: Notable for his role in the military and political spheres of Hungary \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Paul Pálffy (1727–1805)}}: His work in administration and military matters was significant during his time \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Pálffy family was influential in Hungarian politics and military affairs, contributing to the governance and military organization of the Kingdom of Hungary \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Holstein-Gottorp (Russia, Sweden)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 18th century-present \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Peter III of Russia (r. 1762)}}: Born into the Holstein-Gottorp family, became Emperor of Russia through his marriage to Catherine the Great \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Gustav III of Sweden (r. 1771–1792)}}: Known for his efforts in reforming Swedish government and for his support of the arts \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Holstein-Gottorp dynasty connected German nobility with the thrones of Russia and Sweden, playing significant roles in the politics and cultural developments of both countries. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Orléans (France)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 17th century-present \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Louis Philippe I (r. 1830–1848)}}: King of the French during the July Monarchy, known for his moderate policies and eventual overthrow during the 1848 Revolution. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Orléans family played a significant role in French history, particularly during the 19th century, with their attempts to balance republican and monarchical principles \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Bonaparte (France)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 19th century \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Napoleon Bonaparte (r. 1804–1814, 1815)}}: Emperor of the French, known for his military conquests across Europe and his legal and administrative reforms, including the Napoleonic Code \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Napoleon III (r. 1852–1870)}}: Emperor of the French, known for modernizing Paris and his role in the Franco-Prussian War, which led to the fall of the Second French Empire \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Bonaparte family was instrumental in shaping European history in the 19th century, with their influence extending across France, Italy, and beyond, particularly through Napoleon's conquests and reforms \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Piast (Poland)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 960-1370 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Mieszko I (r. 960-992)}}: First ruler of Poland, converted to Christianity, laying the foundation for the Polish state \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Casimir III the Great (r. 1333-1370)}}: Last Piast king, known for his legal reforms \& expansion of Polish territory \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Piast dynasty was the first ruling family of Poland, establishing the nation's Christian identity \& laying the foundations for the future Polish state. Their rule saw Poland become a significant power in Central Europe \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Oldenburg (Den, Norway, Sweden, Greece)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1448-1863 (in Denmark \& Norway); continued in various European countries \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Christian I (r. 1448-1481)}}: First Oldenburg king of Denmark, Norway \& later Sweden \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Frederick III of Denmark (r. 1648-1670)}}: Transitioned Denmark-Norway from an elective to a hereditary monarchy \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{George I of Greece (r. 1862-1913)}}: Established the Oldenburg dynasty in Greece \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Oldenburgs were instrumental in shaping Scandinavian history, particularly in Denmark \& Norway. Their influence extended into the Greek monarchy \& other European states, with descendents still holding royal titles today \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Wettin (Saxony, Poland)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1089-1918 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Frederick Augustus I of Saxony (r. 1806-1827)}}: First king of Saxony, also ruled as king of Poland \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Albert of Saxony (r. 1873-1902)}}: His reign marked the industrialisation \& modernisation of Saxony \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Wttin family ruled Saxony for centuries \& were influential in Central European politics. Their reigns were marked by cultural patronage \& political stability, particularly in the Electorate \& later Kingdom of Saxony \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Savoy-Carignano (Italy)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1831-1946 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Charles Albert of Sardinia (r. 1831-1849)}}: Promoted the cause of Italian unification \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Victor Emmanuel II (r. 1861-1878)}}: First king of a united Italy \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Savoy-Carignano branch was crucial in the unification of Italy in the 19th century. They played a central role in the Risorgimento, leading to the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Braganza (Portugal, Brazil)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1640-1910 (Portugal); 1822-1889 (Brazil) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{John IV of Portugal (r. 1640-1656)}}: Restored Portugues independence from Spain, founding the Braganza dynasty \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Pedro I of Brazil (r. 1822-1831)}}: First Emperor of Brazil, declared Brazil's independence from Portugal \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Maria II of Portugal (r. 1834-1853)}}: Known for her progressive reign \& stabilisation of Portugal after civil wars \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Braganza dynasty was central to Portuguese \& Brazilian history. They led Portugal during its recovery of independence from Spain \& established the Empire of Brazil, one of the longest-lasting monarchies in the Americas \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Hesse (Hesse, England)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1264-1918 (in various forms) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Philip I (r. 1509-1567)}}: Known as Philip the Magnanimous, he played a key role in the Protestant Reformation \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Victoria, Princess of Hesse (1863-1950)}}: Granddaughter of Queen Victoria, became the last Empress of Russia as Alexandra Feodorvna \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The House of Hesse was influential in German \& European politics, particularly during the Reformation. The family also intermarried with other European royal families, linking them to the British, Russian \& other royal lines \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Lorraine (France, Austria)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1473-1737 (Duchy of Lorraine); continued as House of Habsburg-Lorraine \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Francis I (r. 1745-1765)}}: Holy Roman Emperor, husband of Maria Theresa, co-founded the Habsburg-Lorraine line \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Leopold II (r. 1790-1792)}}: Holy Roman Emperor, presided over significant political reforms \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The House of Lorraine became a major force in European politics through its union with the Habsburgs. The Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty played a central role in the Holy Roman Empire \& later in the Austrian Empire, influencing European history for centuries \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Medici (Florence, Tuscany)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1434-1737 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Cosimo de'Medici (r. 1434-1464)}}: Founder of the Medici political dynasty, a patron of the arts \& humanism \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Lorenzo de'Medici (r. 1469-1492)}}: Known as "Lorenzo the Magnificent", his reign marked the peak of the Florentine Renaissance \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Cosimo de'Medici (r. 1569-1574)}}: First Grand Duke of Tuscany, expanded Medici power \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Medici family were not monarchs in the traditional sense but were rulers of Florence \& later Grand Dukes of Tuscany. They were patrons of the Renaissance, contributing to the cultural \& artistic development of Europe \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Aviz (Portugal)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1385-1580 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{John I of Portugal (r. 1385-1433)}}: Founder of the Aviz dynasty, secured Portuguese independence \& expanded overseas exploration \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Manuel I (r. 1495-1521)}}: His reign saw the height of the Portuguese Age of Discovery, with Vasco da Gama's voyage to India \& the colonisation of Brazil \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Aviz dynasty was instrumental in establishing Portugal as a leading maritie \& colonial power during the Age of Discovery. Their reign marked the expansion of European influence across the globe \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Beaufort (England)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1397-1471 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (d. 1410)}}: Founder of the House of Beaufort, a cadet branch of the House of Lancaster \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Margaret Beaufort (1443-1509)}}: Mother of Henry VII, played a crucial role in the Wars of the Roses \& the establishment of the Tudor dynasty \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Beauforts were a significant family in the Wars of the Roses, contributing to the establishment of the Tudor Dynasty. Their political influence extended into the early Tudor period \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Nassau (Netherlands, Luxembourg)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 16th century-present \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{William of Orange (William I) (r. 1555-1584)}}: Leader of the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule, instrumental in establishing Dutch independence \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Prince Henri of Luxembourg (b. 1955-present)}}: Current Grand Duke of Luxembourg, symbolising continuity \& stability in the Grand Duchy \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The House of Nassau has played a pivotal role in Dutch history, particularly in the struggle for independence from Spanish rule. The family continues to hold significant positions in the Netherlands \& Luxembourg \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Bernadotte (Sweden)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1818-present \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Charles XIV John (r. 1818-1844)}}: Founder of the Bernadotte dynasty, initially a Marshal of France under Napoleon \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Gustaf VI Adolf (r. 1950-1973)}}: King of Sweden, known for his contributions to archaeology \& cultural affairs \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The House of Bernadotte was established in Sweden through a change of dynasty \& had since provided stability \& continuity. They continue to play a role in Swedish monarchy today \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Cavour (Italy)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 19th century \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Figures}} & {\bf{Count Camillo di Cavour (1810–1861)}}: Prime Minister of Sardinia and a key figure in the Italian unification, working closely with Giuseppe Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & Although not a ruling dynasty, the House of Cavour was crucial in the political unification of Italy, influencing the formation of modern Italy through diplomacy and statecraft \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Trastámara (Spain)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1369-1516 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Henry II of Castile (r. 1369–1379)}}: Founder of the Trastámara dynasty in Castile, established a new ruling family after the overthrow of the previous line. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Ferdinand II of Aragon (r. 1479–1516)}}: His marriage to Isabella of Castile unified Spain and marked the beginning of Spain's dominance in European and global affairs \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Trastámara dynasty was central to the unification of Spain and the establishment of Spanish dominance in the late 15th and early 16th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Arpad (Hungary)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 9th–14th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Stephen I (r. 1000–1038)}}: First King of Hungary, established the Kingdom of Hungary and its Christian foundations \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Louis I (r. 1342–1382)}}: King of Hungary and Poland, known for his military campaigns and consolidation of Hungarian power \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Arpad dynasty was instrumental in the early history of Hungary, establishing the kingdom and shaping its medieval development \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Montfort (England, France)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 13th-14th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Simon de Montfort (r. 1265–1267)}}: Leader of the baronial revolt against King Henry III of England, known for his role in the establishment of the English Parliament \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Amaury VI of Montfort (r. 1271–1314)}}: Count of Montfort, involved in the political conflicts of the time \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Montfort family had a significant impact on English politics during the 13th century, particularly in the context of the struggle for baronial rights and the development of parliamentary governance \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Alençon (France)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 13th-16th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Charles, Duke of Alençon (d. 1475)}}: Notable for his role in the Hundred Years' War \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Marguerite of Alençon (d. 1549)}}: Known for her marriage into the French royal family and her influence in French politics \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & The House of Alençon played a role in French politics and military affairs during the late medieval period \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Bruce (Scotland)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1306-1371 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Robert the Bruce (r. 1306–1329)}}: King of Scots, renowned for leading Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence against England, culminating in the Battle of Bannockburn \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Bruce dynasty was pivotal in Scottish history, particularly in securing Scottish independence from England during the late medieval period \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Sforza (Milan)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 15th-16th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Francesco Sforza (r. 1450–1466)}}: Condottiero who became Duke of Milan, known for his military prowess and patronage of the arts \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Ludovico Sforza (r. 1494–1499)}}: Known as "Il Moro," he was a significant patron of Leonardo da Vinci and played a major role in the Italian Wars \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Significance}} & he Sforza family was central to Renaissance Italy, known for their patronage of the arts and their military and political influence in Northern Italy. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Trencavel (France)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 1th–13th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Raymond Roger Trencavel (r. 1194–1209)}}: Viscount of Béziers and Carcassonne, notable for his resistance against the Albigensian Crusade \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Trencavel family was influential in Southern France, particularly in the context of the Albigensian Crusade and the Cathar heresy \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{House of Este (Ferrara, Modena)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Time Period}} & 13th-19th centuries \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Notable Rulers}} & {\bf{Ercole I d'Este (r. 1471–1505)}}: Duke of Ferrara, known for his patronage of the arts and his efforts to strengthen his duchy through strategic marriages. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Significance}} & The Este family was a major force in the politics and culture of Northern Italy, known for their patronage of the arts, architecture, and their involvement in Italian politics during the Renaissance \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}