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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Intro to Sociology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 29th August, 2024.\\
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview}}  \tn
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{\bf{Definition:}} & Sociology is the scientific study of society, social relationships, and social institutions. It examines how individuals interact with each other and how these interactions are shaped by social structures, cultures, and institutions. \tn 
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{\bf{Key Areas of Study:}} & {\bf{Social Structure:}} The organized pattern of social relationships and institutions that together compose society. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Social Institutions:}} Major spheres of social life organized to meet basic human needs (e.g., family, education, religion). \tn 
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 & {\bf{Social Interaction:}} The process by which people act and react in relation to others. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Foundational Theories and Theorists}}  \tn
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{\bf{Auguste Comte:}} & {\bf{Positivism:}} Comte is known as the father of sociology and advocated for a scientific approach to studying society. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Social Statics and Dynamics:}} Comte's idea that society is made up of stable structures (statics) and processes of change (dynamics). \tn 
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{\bf{Karl Marx:}} & {\bf{Historical Materialism:}} Marx argued that material conditions and economic factors are the primary influences on society and history. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Class Conflict:}} Marx believed that society is divided into classes (bourgeoisie and proletariat) that are in constant conflict over resources and power. \tn 
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{\bf{Émile Durkheim:}} & {\bf{Social Facts:}} Durkheim emphasized the importance of studying social facts—norms, values, and structures external to the individual—that influence behavior. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Foundational Theories and Theorists (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Division of Labor:}} He analyzed how the division of labor in society affects social cohesion, distinguishing between mechanical and organic solidarity. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Anomie:}} A state of normlessness or a breakdown of social norms, leading to social instability. \tn 
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{\bf{Max Weber:}} & {\bf{Verstehen:}} Weber introduced the concept of verstehen, or understanding social behavior by putting oneself in others' shoes. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Bureaucracy:}} Weber analyzed the rise of bureaucracy as a dominant organizational form in modern societies. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Social Action:}} Weber's theory that human actions are directed by meaning and can be classified into types (traditional, affective, value-rational, and instrumental-rational). \tn 
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{\bf{Georg Simmel:}} & {\bf{Formal Sociology:}} Simmel focused on the forms of social interaction (e.g., competition, exchange) rather than the content. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Foundational Theories and Theorists (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{The Metropolis and Mental Life:}} Simmel examined the effects of urbanization on individual consciousness and social relationships. \tn 
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{\bf{Structural-Functionalism:}} & {\bf{Key Proponents:}} Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Core Idea:}} Society is a complex system with interrelated parts, each serving a function to maintain stability and social order. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Manifest and Latent Functions:}} Merton's idea that social practices have intended (manifest) and unintended (latent) consequences. \tn 
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{\bf{Conflict Theory:}} & {\bf{Key Proponents:}} Karl Marx, C. Wright Mills. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Core Idea:}} Society is characterized by inequality and conflict between groups over resources and power. Social change is driven by these conflicts. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Power and Inequality:}} Focuses on how power differentials contribute to maintaining social order, often benefiting the powerful at the expense of others. \tn 
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{\bf{Symbolic Interactionism:}} & {\bf{Key Proponents:}} George Herbert Mead, Herbert Blumer. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Core Idea:}} Society is constructed through daily interactions and the use of symbols (e.g., language, gestures) to create meaning. \tn 
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 & {\bf{The Self:}} Mead's theory of the development of self through social interaction, particularly through the concept of the "generalized other." \tn 
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{\bf{Feminist Theory:}} & {\bf{Key Proponents:}} Simone de Beauvoir, Judith Butler, bell hooks. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Core Idea:}} Analyzes the ways in which gender inequality is embedded in social institutions and cultural practices. Feminist theory seeks to understand and challenge the structures that perpetuate gender-based oppression. \tn 
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{\bf{Postmodernism:}} & {\bf{Key Proponents:}} Jean Baudrillard, Michel Foucault, Zygmunt Bauman. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Major Sociological Perspectives (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Core Idea:}} Questions the existence of a single, objective reality and instead emphasizes the fragmented, diverse, and constructed nature of social life. Postmodernism challenges grand narratives and focuses on the fluidity of identities and meanings. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Methods in Sociology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Quantitative Research:}} & {\bf{Surveys:}} Collecting data through questionnaires or interviews from a large number of respondents to identify patterns and correlations. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Experiments:}} Controlled studies to test hypotheses about social behavior, often conducted in a laboratory or natural setting. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Secondary Data Analysis:}} Using existing data (e.g., census, social surveys) to conduct research. \tn 
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{\bf{Qualitative Research:}} & {\bf{Ethnography:}} In-depth study of people and cultures in their natural environment, often through participant observation. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Interviews:}} Conducting detailed, open-ended conversations with individuals to explore their experiences and perspectives. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Content Analysis:}} Analyzing texts, media, or documents to understand how certain themes and representations are constructed. \tn 
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{\bf{Mixed Methods:}} & {\bf{Triangulation:}} Combining quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a social phenomenon. \tn 
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{\bf{Ethical Considerations:}} & {\bf{Informed Consent:}} Ensuring participants are fully aware of the research and agree to participate. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Confidentiality:}} Protecting the identity and privacy of research participants. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Avoiding Harm:}} Ensuring that research does not harm participants, either physically or psychologically. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Topics in Sociology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Socialization:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, norms, and social practices of their culture. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Agents of Socialization:}} Family, peers, schools, media, and religious institutions play significant roles in socializing individuals. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Life Course:}} Socialization continues throughout life, with different stages (e.g., childhood, adolescence, adulthood) presenting new socialization challenges and processes. \tn 
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{\bf{Deviance and Social Control:}} & {\bf{Deviance:}} Behavior that violates societal norms and expectations. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Strain Theory:}} Robert Merton's theory that deviance occurs when there is a discrepancy between societal goals and the means available to achieve them. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Labeling Theory:}} Howard Becker's theory that deviance is a result of society's labels, which can lead individuals to internalize and act according to these labels. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Social Control Theory:}} Travis Hirschi's theory that strong social bonds prevent deviance, while weak bonds increase the likelihood of deviant behavior. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Social Control:}} Mechanisms (formal and informal) that regulate individual and group behavior to conform to societal norms. \tn 
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{\bf{Inequality and Stratification:}} & {\bf{Social Stratification:}} The hierarchical arrangement of individuals in society based on factors such as class, race, and gender. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Topics in Sociology (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Class:}} Economic stratification based on wealth, income, education, and occupation. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Race and Ethnicity:}} Social constructs that categorize people based on physical characteristics and cultural practices, often leading to systemic inequality. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Gender:}} The social and cultural significance attached to biological differences between males and females, resulting in gender roles and expectations. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Intersectionality:}} The concept that various forms of inequality (e.g., race, class, gender) intersect and interact to produce unique experiences of oppression and privilege. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Topics in Sociology (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Family and Marriage:}} & {\bf{Family Structures:}} Variations in family forms, including nuclear families, extended families, single-parent families, and same-sex families. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Marriage Patterns:}} The sociological analysis of marriage practices, including monogamy, polygamy, and arranged marriages. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Family Roles:}} The changing roles of family members, particularly in the context of gender roles and expectations. \tn 
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{\bf{Education:}} & {\bf{Functions of Education:}} The role of education in socialization, social integration, social placement, and cultural transmission. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Educational Inequality:}} The disparities in educational outcomes based on factors such as socioeconomic status, race, and gender. \tn 
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 & {\bf{The Hidden Curriculum:}} The implicit lessons taught in schools that reinforce societal norms and values. \tn 
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{\bf{Religion:}} & {\bf{Sociology of Religion:}} The study of how religious beliefs, practices, and institutions shape and are shaped by social structures and processes. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Secularization:}} The decline of religious influence in modern societies and the rise of secular worldviews. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Religious Movements:}} The study of new religious movements, fundamentalism, and the role of religion in social change. \tn 
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{\bf{Work and Economy:}} & {\bf{Types of Economies:}} The sociological analysis of different economic systems, including capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Labor Markets:}} The study of employment, unemployment, and the organization of work. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Globalization:}} The impact of global economic processes on work, labor rights, and inequality. \tn 
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{\bf{Urbanization and Population:}} & {\bf{Urban Sociology:}} The study of life in urban areas, including the impact of urbanization on social relations, community, and inequality. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Demography:}} The study of population dynamics, including birth rates, death rates, migration, and aging. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Urban Problems:}} Issues such as housing, poverty, crime, and environmental degradation in urban settings. \tn 
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{\bf{Health and Medicine:}} & {\bf{Medical Sociology:}} The study of how social factors affect health, illness, and healthcare. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Social Determinants of Health:}} How factors like socioeconomic status, race, and environment influence health outcomes. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Healthcare Systems:}} Comparative analysis of healthcare systems and the sociology of health professions. \tn 
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{\bf{Social Change and Social Movements:}} & {\bf{Social Change:}} The processes by which societies evolve and transform over time. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Theories of Social Change:}} Evolutionary, cyclical, conflict-driven, and technological theories explaining how and why societies change. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Social Movements:}} Organized efforts by groups of people to bring about or resist social change, including civil rights movements, environmental movements, and feminist movements. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Current Issues \& Future Directions in Sociology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Digital Sociology:}} & {\bf{Impact of Technology:}} Examining how digital technologies and social media are reshaping social interactions, identities, and institutions. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Big Data:}} The use of large datasets in sociological research to analyze social patterns and trends on a broad scale. \tn 
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{\bf{Globalization:}} & {\bf{Transnationalism:}} The study of how globalization impacts cultural, economic, and social connections across national borders. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Global Inequality:}} Analyzing the global distribution of wealth and power and its effects on different societies. \tn 
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{\bf{Environmental Sociology:}} & {\bf{Sociology of Climate Change:}} Exploring the social causes and consequences of environmental degradation and climate change. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Current Issues \& Future Directions in Sociology (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Sustainability:}} Sociological approaches to understanding and promoting sustainable practices and policies. \tn 
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{\bf{Identity Politics:}} & {\bf{New Forms of Social Movements:}} The rise of movements focused on identity, such as LGBTQ+ rights, Black Lives Matter, and indigenous rights. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Intersectional Analysis:}} Continuing to explore how intersecting identities shape experiences of power, privilege, and oppression. \tn 
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{\bf{Aging and the Life Course:}} & {\bf{Demographic Shifts:}} The impact of aging populations on social structures, healthcare, and economies. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Life Course Sociology:}} Analyzing how individuals' experiences and identities change over the course of their lives. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Current Issues \& Future Directions in Sociology (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Social Networks and Social Capital:}} & {\bf{Network Theory:}} The study of how social networks influence individual behavior and social outcomes. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Social Capital:}} The resources individuals gain from their social networks and how these networks contribute to social inequality. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusion}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sociology provides critical insights into how societies function and how individuals and groups interact within them} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{By examining social structures, institutions, and relationships through various theoretical lenses, sociologists aim to understand the complexities of human behavior and the forces that shape our world} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{As society continues to evolve, sociology remains a vital field for analyzing and addressing social issues, fostering a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness of human life} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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\end{document}