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  /Title (intro-to-psychology.pdf)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Intro to Psychology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 28th August, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview}}  \tn
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{\bf{Definition:}} & Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It seeks to understand how people perceive, think, feel, and act both individually and within social contexts. \tn 
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{\bf{Scope:}} & Psychology covers a wide range of topics, including perception, cognition, emotion, personality, behavior, interpersonal relationships, and mental health. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Branches of Psychology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Clinical Psychology:}} & Focuses on diagnosing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Counseling Psychology:}} Helps individuals manage and overcome problems in daily life. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Psychotherapy:}} The practice of treating psychological disorders through verbal and psychological techniques. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Neuropsychology:}} Studies the relationship between brain function and behavior, often in the context of brain injury or neurological conditions. \tn 
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{\bf{Cognitive Psychology:}} & Investigates internal mental processes such as perception, memory, thinking, and problem-solving. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Attention:}} How we focus on particular information. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Branches of Psychology (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Memory:}} Processes involved in storing and retrieving information. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Language:}} The study of how we understand, produce, and acquire language. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Decision Making:}} How people make choices and judgments. \tn 
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{\bf{Developmental Psychology:}} & Examines how people grow and change from infancy through old age. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development:}} Explores stages of cognitive growth in children. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development:}} Describes the impact of social experience across the lifespan. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Attachment Theory:}} Examines the bonds between infants and caregivers and how these affect future relationships. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Branches of Psychology (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Social Psychology:}} & Studies how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Social Influence:}} How people's behavior is affected by others (e.g., conformity, obedience). \tn 
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 & {\bf{Group Dynamics:}} How people behave in groups, including phenomena like groupthink and social loafing. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Interpersonal Relationships:}} The study of attraction, love, aggression, and conflict in relationships. \tn 
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{\bf{Behavioral Psychology:}} & Focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they are learned or conditioned. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Classical Conditioning:}} Learning through association, as demonstrated by Pavlov's experiments with dogs. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Branches of Psychology (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Operant Conditioning:}} Learning through consequences, as formulated by B.F. Skinner. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Social Learning Theory:}} Learning through observation and imitation, proposed by Albert Bandura. \tn 
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{\bf{Biopsychology (or Biological Psychology):}} & Examines the physiological bases of behavior, focusing on the brain, neurotransmitters, and the nervous system. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Neuroscience:}} How the brain and nervous system affect behavior and cognition. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Genetics:}} The role of heredity in behavior. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Psychopharmacology:}} The study of how drugs affect mood, behavior, and cognition. \tn 
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{\bf{Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology:}} & Applies psychological principles to the workplace to improve productivity, work-life balance, and employee well-being. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Branches of Psychology (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Workplace Motivation:}} Understanding what drives employees to perform. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Leadership and Management:}} The study of effective leadership styles and organizational behavior. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Employee Selection and Assessment:}} Developing methods for hiring the right candidates. \tn 
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{\bf{Health Psychology:}} & Focuses on how psychological factors affect health and illness. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Stress and Coping:}} How individuals respond to and manage stress. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Behavioral Medicine:}} Integrating behavioral and medical knowledge to treat physical health problems. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Health Behavior Change:}} Strategies to promote healthy behaviors (e.g., smoking cessation, exercise adherence). \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Concepts in Psychology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Consciousness:}} & Refers to our awareness of our own mental processes, such as thoughts, feelings, and sensations. \tn 
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 & {\bf{States of Consciousness:}} Include wakefulness, sleep, dreaming, and altered states (e.g., hypnosis, meditation). \tn 
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{\bf{Perception:}} & The process by which we interpret sensory information from the environment. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Gestalt Principles:}} Psychological theories that describe how people tend to organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes. \tn 
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{\bf{Learning:}} & A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Classical Conditioning:}} Learning through association. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Operant Conditioning:}} Learning through rewards and punishments. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Observational Learning:}} Learning by watching others. \tn 
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{\bf{Memory:}} & The process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Short-Term Memory:}} Temporary storage for information. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Long-Term Memory:}} The more permanent storage of information. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Working Memory:}} The ability to hold and manipulate information in mind for short periods. \tn 
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{\bf{Emotion:}} & Complex reactions that involve physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience. \tn 
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 & {\bf{James-Lange Theory:}} Emotions result from physiological responses to stimuli. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Cannon-Bard Theory:}} Emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Two-Factor Theory:}} Emotions are influenced by both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling. \tn 
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{\bf{Motivation:}} & The process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-directed behavior. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:}} A theory proposing that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs, starting with basic physiological needs and moving to self-actualization. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Concepts in Psychology (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Drive Reduction Theory:}} Suggests that people are motivated to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Methods in Psychology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Experiments:}} & A method of investigating cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating one variable and observing the effect on another. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Control Groups:}} Used to compare the effects of the independent variable. \tn 
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{\bf{Surveys:}} & Collecting data from a large group of people through questionnaires or interviews to understand attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Sampling:}} The process of selecting a representative group from a larger population. \tn 
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{\bf{Observations:}} & Watching and recording behaviors in a natural setting or laboratory. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Naturalistic Observation:}} Observing behavior in its natural context without intervention. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Methods in Psychology (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Case Studies:}} & In-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event to explore the underlying causes of behavior. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Advantages:}} Provides detailed and comprehensive information. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Limitations:}} May not be generalizable to the broader population. \tn 
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{\bf{Correlational Studies:}} & Examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Correlation Coefficient:}} A statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two variables fluctuate together. \tn 
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{\bf{Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Studies:}} & {\bf{Longitudinal Studies:}} Follow the same group of individuals over a period of time to observe changes. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Methods in Psychology (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Cross-Sectional Studies:}} Compare different groups of people at one point in time. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Major Theoretical Approaches in Psychology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Behaviorism:}} & Focuses on observable behavior and the ways it is learned. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Key Figures:}} John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Principles:}} Behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment. \tn 
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{\bf{Psychoanalytic Theory:}} & Emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences in shaping behavior. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Key Figure:}} Sigmund Freud. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Structure of the Mind:}} Divided into the id, ego, and superego. \tn 
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{\bf{Humanistic Psychology:}} & Focuses on individual potential and the importance of growth and self-actualization. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Key Figures:}} Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Principles:}} Emphasizes free will, self-efficacy, and human potential. \tn 
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{\bf{Cognitive Psychology:}} & Studies mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Key Figures:}} Jean Piaget, Aaron Beck. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Principles:}} Behavior is influenced by how we process and interpret information. \tn 
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{\bf{Biological Psychology:}} & Examines the physiological bases of behavior, including the brain, neurotransmitters, and genetics. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Principles:}} Behavior is a result of biological processes and brain function. \tn 
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{\bf{Social-Cognitive Theory:}} & Emphasizes the role of cognitive processes and social influences in behavior. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Key Figure:}} Albert Bandura. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Principles:}} Behavior is influenced by observational learning, self-efficacy, and social experiences. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Applied Psychology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Clinical and Counseling Psychology:}} & Providing therapy and counseling to individuals to help them cope with mental health issues. \tn 
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{\bf{Educational Psychology:}} & Applying psychological principles to improve teaching and learning outcomes in educational settings. \tn 
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{\bf{Forensic Psychology:}} & The intersection of psychology and the legal system, including criminal profiling, assessment of defendants, and expert testimony. \tn 
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{\bf{Sports Psychology:}} & Focusing on the mental and emotional aspects of sports performance, including motivation, anxiety, and team dynamics. \tn 
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{\bf{Industrial-Organizational Psychology:}} & Enhancing workplace productivity and employee satisfaction through psychological principles. \tn 
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{\bf{Health Psychology:}} & Promoting health, preventing illness, and improving healthcare through psychological methods. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Current Issues and Debates in Psychology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Nature vs. Nurture:}} & The debate over the relative contributions of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) to human development and behavior. \tn 
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{\bf{Ethical Issues in Research:}} & Addressing concerns about the ethical treatment of research participants, informed consent, confidentiality, and the use of animals in research. \tn 
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{\bf{Mental Health Stigma:}} & The challenge of reducing stigma and improving public attitudes toward mental health and those with mental illness. \tn 
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{\bf{Cultural Competence in Therapy:}} & The importance of understanding and respecting cultural differences in providing effective psychological services. \tn 
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{\bf{Technology and Psychology:}} & Exploring the impact of digital technology, including social media, on mental health and behavior. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Current Issues and Debates in Psychology (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Positive Psychology:}} & The study of factors that contribute to human happiness and well-being, focusing on strengths rather than just disorders. \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Case Studies}}  \tn
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{\bf{The Stanford Prison Experiment (1971):}} & Conducted by Philip Zimbardo, this study examined the psychological effects of perceived power, focusing on the struggle between prisoners and prison officers. \tn 
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{\bf{The Little Albert Experiment (1920):}} & An experiment conducted by John B. Watson that demonstrated classical conditioning in humans by conditioning a baby to fear a white rat. \tn 
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{\bf{Phineas Gage (1848):}} & A famous case in which a railroad worker survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality, providing early evidence of the role of the frontal lobes in personality and behavior. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 11)
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{\bf{Milgram's Obedience Experiment (1963):}} & Stanley Milgram's experiment studied the willingness of participants to obey authority figures, even when asked to perform actions conflicting with their personal conscience. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Case Studies (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Harlow's Monkeys (1950s):}} & Harry Harlow's experiments on rhesus monkeys showed the importance of caregiving and companionship in social and cognitive development. \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusion}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Psychology is a diverse and dynamic field that encompasses the study of mind, behavior, and the underlying processes} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{By exploring the different branches, key concepts, theoretical approaches, and applications, students can gain a comprehensive understanding of how psychological principles are used to address real-world problems, enhance human well-being, and advance scientific knowledge} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The study of psychology not only provides insights into individual behavior but also offers valuable tools for improving mental health and fostering positive social change} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}