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\author{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)}
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  /Title (intro-to-medicine.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (RainyMoons (RainyMoons))
  /Subject (Intro to Medicine Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Intro to Medicine Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/153402/cs/44254/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}RainyMoons (RainyMoons) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/rainymoons} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 29th August, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Definition:}} & Medicine is the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease. It encompasses a wide range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\bf{Scope:}} & Medicine includes a variety of practices aimed at promoting health and managing disease, ranging from general practice to specialized fields such as surgery, internal medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, and more. \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Historical Development of Medicine}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Ancient Medicine:}} & {\bf{Egyptian Medicine:}} Early practices included herbal remedies, surgery, and the belief in supernatural causes of disease. \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Greek Medicine:}} Hippocrates, often considered the "Father of Medicine," emphasized natural causes of disease and introduced the Hippocratic Oath. Galen, another key figure, contributed to understanding anatomy and physiology. \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Chinese Medicine:}} Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) involves practices like acupuncture and herbal medicine, rooted in the concept of balancing the body's vital energies (Qi). \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Medieval and Renaissance Medicine:}} & {\bf{Islamic Golden Age:}} Scholars like Avicenna (Ibn Sina) advanced medical knowledge, particularly in pharmacology and anatomy. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Historical Development of Medicine (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{European Renaissance:}} The revival of learning led to significant advances in anatomy (e.g., Vesalius) and the development of new surgical techniques. \tn 
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{\bf{Modern Medicine:}} & {\bf{19th Century:}} The discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch revolutionized the understanding of infectious diseases. The development of anesthesia and antiseptic techniques transformed surgery. \tn 
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% Row 6
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 & {\bf{20th Century:}} The discovery of antibiotics, the development of vaccines, and advances in medical imaging (X-rays, MRI) drastically improved disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Sciences in Medicine}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Anatomy:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The study of the structure of the human body. \tn 
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% Row 1
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 & {\bf{Key Areas:}} Gross anatomy (study of large body structures), histology (study of tissues), and embryology (study of the development of the body from fertilization to birth). \tn 
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% Row 2
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{\bf{Physiology:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The study of how the body and its systems function. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Key Concepts:}} Homeostasis (the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment), organ systems (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous), and cellular processes. \tn 
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{\bf{Biochemistry:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The study of the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Key Topics:}} Enzyme function, metabolism, genetic material (DNA/RNA), and molecular biology. \tn 
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% Row 6
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{\bf{Pathology:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The study of disease, its causes, and its effects on the body. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Sciences in Medicine (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Subfields:}} General pathology (study of disease processes), systemic pathology (study of diseases affecting specific organs or systems), and forensic pathology (determining causes of death). \tn 
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{\bf{Microbiology:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, and their role in disease. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Key Areas:}} Infection control, immunology (the immune system and its response to pathogens), and antibiotic resistance. \tn 
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{\bf{Pharmacology:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The study of drugs and their effects on the body. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Key Topics:}} Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; mechanisms of action; therapeutic uses; and adverse effects. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Clinical Medicine}}  \tn
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{\bf{Internal Medicine:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Subspecialties:}} Cardiology, gastroenterology, endocrinology, nephrology, and more. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Diagnostic Techniques:}} Physical examination, imaging (X-rays, CT scans), and laboratory tests. \tn 
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{\bf{Surgery:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The branch of medicine that involves the physical intervention on tissues to treat disease, injury, or deformity. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Types:}} General surgery, orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, cardiothoracic surgery, and minimally invasive techniques like laparoscopy. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Clinical Medicine (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Advances:}} Robotic surgery, transplantation, and regenerative medicine. \tn 
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{\bf{Pediatrics:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The branch of medicine dealing with the health and medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Key Areas:}} Growth and development, vaccination, pediatric diseases (e.g., congenital disorders, infectious diseases), and pediatric oncology. \tn 
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{\bf{Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN):}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The medical specialty dealing with childbirth and the care of women's reproductive systems. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Obstetrics:}} Focuses on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Gynecology:}} Covers all other aspects of women's reproductive health, including menstruation, contraception, infertility, and menopause. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Clinical Medicine (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Psychiatry:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Key Areas:}} Mood disorders (depression, bipolar disorder), anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and psychotherapy. \tn 
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{\bf{Emergency Medicine:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The medical specialty involving the care of patients with acute illnesses or injuries that require immediate medical attention. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Key Areas:}} Trauma care, resuscitation, emergency surgery, and disaster medicine. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diagnostic Methods and Techniques}}  \tn
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{\bf{Medical Imaging:}} & {\bf{X-rays:}} Used for diagnosing fractures, infections, and tumors. \tn 
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 & {\bf{CT Scans:}} Combines X-ray images to create cross-sectional views of the body. \tn 
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 & {\bf{MRI:}} Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of organs and tissues. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Ultrasound:}} Uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of organs and structures inside the body, commonly used in obstetrics. \tn 
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{\bf{Laboratory Testing:}} & {\bf{Blood Tests:}} Used to assess overall health and diagnose conditions (e.g., complete blood count, cholesterol levels, blood glucose). \tn 
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 & {\bf{Urinalysis:}} Tests urine for signs of disease, such as infections or kidney disorders. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Biopsy:}} The removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope to diagnose cancer, infections, and other diseases. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diagnostic Methods and Techniques (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Endoscopy:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} A procedure that uses an endoscope to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Types:}} Gastroscopy (stomach), colonoscopy (colon), bronchoscopy (lungs). \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Preventive Medicine and Public Health}}  \tn
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{\bf{Preventive Medicine:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The medical practice focused on disease prevention and health promotion. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Key Areas:}} Vaccination, screening programs (e.g., mammograms, colonoscopies), lifestyle counseling (e.g., diet, exercise), and public health initiatives. \tn 
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{\bf{Public Health:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The science of protecting and improving the health of populations through education, policy-making, and research. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Epidemiology:}} The study of how diseases spread and can be controlled. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Health Promotion:}} Efforts to improve health outcomes through education and community-based interventions. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Global Health:}} Addressing health issues that transcend national boundaries, such as pandemics, malnutrition, and access to care. \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ethics in Medicine}}  \tn
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{\bf{Medical Ethics:}} & {\bf{Autonomy:}} Respecting the patient's right to make their own decisions. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Beneficence:}} Acting in the best interest of the patient. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Non-Maleficence:}} "Do no harm"—avoiding harm to the patient. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Justice:}} Ensuring fairness in the distribution of healthcare resources. \tn 
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{\bf{Informed Consent:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The process by which patients are informed about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of a treatment, and then give their voluntary agreement to proceed. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Challenges:}} Language barriers, cultural differences, and patients' understanding of medical information. \tn 
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{\bf{Confidentiality:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The ethical duty to protect patient information from unauthorized disclosure. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Legal Implications:}} Breaches of confidentiality can lead to legal consequences and loss of trust. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ethics in Medicine (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{End-of-Life Care:}} & {\bf{Key Issues:}} Euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, palliative care, and advanced directives. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Ethical Debates:}} Balancing the right to die with the duty to preserve life. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research in Medicine}}  \tn
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{\bf{Clinical Research:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} Research involving human participants to evaluate the effects of medical interventions. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Types:}} Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Ethical Considerations:}} Informed consent, risk-benefit analysis, and protection of vulnerable populations. \tn 
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{\bf{Translational Research:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The process of applying discoveries from basic science to enhance human health and well-being. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Bench to Bedside:}} Moving laboratory research into clinical trials and eventually into everyday medical practice. \tn 
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{\bf{Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM):}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The conscientious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research in Medicine (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Process:}} Involves integrating clinical expertise with the best available research evidence and patient values/preferences. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advances in Medicine}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Genomics and Personalized Medicine:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} Tailoring medical treatment to the individual characteristics, needs, and preferences of a patient based on genetic information. \tn 
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% Row 1
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 & {\bf{Applications:}} Genetic testing, targeted therapies, and pharmacogenomics (how genes affect a person's response to drugs). \tn 
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{\bf{Telemedicine:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The use of technology to provide medical care remotely. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Benefits:}} Increases access to care, especially in underserved areas, and improves patient convenience. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Challenges:}} Ensuring privacy, maintaining the quality of care, and addressing regulatory issues. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advances in Medicine (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Regenerative Medicine:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} The branch of medicine focused on repairing or replacing damaged cells, tissues, or organs. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Techniques:}} Stem cell therapy, tissue engineering, and gene editing (e.g., CRISPR). \tn 
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{\bf{Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Medicine:}} & {\bf{Applications:}} AI algorithms for diagnostics, predictive analytics, personalized treatment plans, and operational efficiencies in healthcare settings. \tn 
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% Row 8
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 & {\bf{Challenges:}} Ethical issues, data privacy, and the need for regulatory frameworks. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusion}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The study of medicine is a vast and continually evolving field that integrates knowledge from various scientific disciplines to understand, diagnose, and treat health conditions} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{With its focus on improving individual and public health, medicine combines rigorous scientific research with clinical practice, guided by ethical principles and a commitment to patient care} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{As medical science advances, ongoing research and innovation continue to transform the landscape of healthcare, offering new opportunities to enhance health outcomes and quality of life} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}