\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)} \pdfinfo{ /Title (intro-to-linguistics.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (RainyMoons (RainyMoons)) /Subject (Intro to Linguistics Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{8DBC5B} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F7FAF4} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Intro to Linguistics Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/153402/cs/44237/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}RainyMoons (RainyMoons) \\ \uline{cheatography.com/rainymoons} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\ Updated 28th August, 2024.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Definition:}} & Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure. It involves analyzing language form, meaning, and context. The field seeks to understand the nature of language and how it functions in communication. \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 9) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Key Areas of Study:}} & {\bf{Phonetics:}} The study of speech sounds. \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Phonology:}} The study of the sound system of languages. \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Morphology:}} The study of the structure and formation of words. \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Syntax:}} The study of sentence structure and grammar. \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 3) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Semantics:}} The study of meaning. \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Pragmatics:}} The study of language use in context. \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phonetics and Phonology}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Phonetics:}} & {\bf{Articulatory Phonetics:}} Focuses on how speech sounds are produced by the human vocal tract. Key concepts include: \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 5) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Place of Articulation:}} Where in the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs (e.g., bilabial, dental, velar). \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 4) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Manner of Articulation:}} How the airflow is restricted (e.g., stops, fricatives, nasals). \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 4) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Voicing:}} Whether the vocal cords vibrate (voiced vs. voiceless sounds). \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Acoustic Phonetics:}} Analyzes the physical properties of speech sounds, such as frequency, amplitude, and duration. \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 5) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Auditory Phonetics:}} Studies how speech sounds are perceived by the ear and processed by the brain. \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 4) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Phonology:}} & {\bf{Phonemes:}} The basic sound units in a language that can distinguish words (e.g., /p/ and /b/ in "pat" vs. "bat"). \tn % Row Count 29 (+ 4) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Allophones:}} Variations of a phoneme that do not change meaning (e.g., aspirated vs. non-aspirated /p/ in "pat" and "spat"). \tn % Row Count 34 (+ 5) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phonetics and Phonology (cont)}} \tn % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Phonological Processes:}} Rules that govern how phonemes are realized in different contexts (e.g., assimilation, elision). \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 5) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Morphology}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Morphemes:}} & {\bf{Free Morphemes:}} Morphemes that can stand alone as words (e.g., "book," "run"). \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Bound Morphemes:}} Morphemes that must attach to other morphemes to convey meaning (e.g., prefixes like "un-" or suffixes like "-ing"). \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 6) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Types of Morphology:}} & {\bf{Derivational Morphology:}} The process of creating new words by adding affixes (e.g., "happy" to "happiness"). \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 5) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Inflectional Morphology:}} The modification of a word to express different grammatical categories (e.g., verb tense, pluralization). \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 6) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Morphological Typology:}} & {\bf{Isolating Languages:}} Languages with little to no morphological change (e.g., Mandarin Chinese). \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 5) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Agglutinating Languages:}} Languages with a lot of affixes that are added in a string (e.g., Turkish). \tn % Row Count 31 (+ 5) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Morphology (cont)}} \tn % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Fusional Languages:}} Languages where affixes express multiple grammatical meanings simultaneously (e.g., Spanish). \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 5) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Polysynthetic Languages:}} Languages where words can be very complex and consist of many morphemes (e.g., Inuit). \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 5) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Syntax}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Sentence Structure:}} & {\bf{Phrase Structure:}} How sentences are organized into phrases (e.g., noun phrases, verb phrases). \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Syntactic Categories:}} The roles that words play in sentences (e.g., nouns, verbs, adjectives). \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 4) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Sentence Types:}} Different sentence structures such as declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 5) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Syntactic Theories:}} & {\bf{Generative Grammar:}} A theory developed by Noam Chomsky focusing on the innate structures underlying language (e.g., Universal Grammar). \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 6) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Transformational Grammar:}} Examines how different sentence structures can be derived from a common underlying structure (e.g., "John is eating" vs. "Is John eating?"). \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 7) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Dependency Grammar:}} Focuses on the relationships between words in a sentence rather than phrase structures. \tn % Row Count 31 (+ 5) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Semantics}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Meaning:}} & {\bf{Lexical Semantics:}} The study of word meanings and their relationships (e.g., synonyms, antonyms). \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Compositional Semantics:}} How word meanings combine to form the meanings of sentences. \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 4) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Semantic Theories:}} & {\bf{Truth-Conditional Semantics:}} Assesses meaning based on the conditions under which a sentence is true or false. \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 5) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Frame Semantics:}} Examines how language represents knowledge about the world through conceptual structures (frames). \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 5) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Semantic Roles:}} & {\bf{Agent:}} The doer of an action (e.g., "The cat" in "The cat chased the mouse"). \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 4) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Theme:}} The entity that is affected by the action (e.g., "the mouse" in "The cat chased the mouse"). \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 4) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Goal:}} The endpoint of an action (e.g., "to the store" in "He went to the store"). \tn % Row Count 30 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pragmatics}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Context and Usage:}} & {\bf{Speech Acts:}} How utterances function as actions (e.g., requests, commands, promises). \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Deixis:}} Words and phrases that require context to interpret (e.g., "this," "that," "here," "there"). \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 5) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Pragmatic Theories:}} & {\bf{Grice's Maxims:}} Principles for effective communication, including quantity, quality, relation, and manner. \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 5) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Politeness Theory:}} How speakers manage social relationships and politeness (e.g., Brown and Levinson's strategies). \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 5) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Implicature:}} & {\bf{Conversational Implicature:}} Indirect meanings or implications derived from context (e.g., "Can you pass the salt?" implying "Please pass the salt"). \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 7) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sociolinguistics}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Language Variation:}} & {\bf{Dialect:}} Regional or social variations in language. \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Sociolect:}} Variations based on social factors such as class, age, or occupation. \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 4) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Language Change:}} & {\bf{Historical Linguistics:}} The study of how languages change over time. \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Language Contact:}} How languages influence each other through contact (e.g., borrowing, code-switching). \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 5) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Language and Identity:}} & {\bf{Language Attitudes:}} Beliefs and perceptions about different languages and dialects. \tn % Row Count 19 (+ 4) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Language and Power:}} How language reflects and influences social hierarchies and power dynamics. \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 5) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psycholinguistics}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Language Acquisition:}} & {\bf{First Language Acquisition:}} How infants acquire their native language(s) (e.g., stages of language development). \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 5) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Second Language Acquisition:}} How individuals learn additional languages beyond their native one. \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 5) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Language Processing:}} & {\bf{Sentence Processing:}} How the brain interprets and understands sentences in real-time. \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 4) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Speech Production:}} How language is produced and articulated in spoken communication. \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 4) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Neurolinguistics:}} & {\bf{Brain and Language:}} The study of how language is represented and processed in the brain (e.g., Broca's area, Wernicke's area). \tn % Row Count 24 (+ 6) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Applied Linguistics}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Language Teaching:}} & {\bf{Language Pedagogy:}} Methods and practices for teaching languages (e.g., communicative language teaching, task-based learning). \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 7) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Curriculum Development:}} Designing and organizing language learning materials and assessments. \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 5) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Translation and Interpretation:}} & {\bf{Translation Theory:}} Principles and methods for translating texts between languages. \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 5) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Interpretation:}} The process of conveying spoken language from one language to another in real-time. \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 5) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Language Policy and Planning:}} & {\bf{Language Policy:}} Decisions and regulations regarding language use and education (e.g., official languages, language rights). \tn % Row Count 29 (+ 7) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Language Planning:}} Strategies for developing and implementing language policies. \tn % Row Count 33 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Current Trends and Issues in Linguistics}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Digital Linguistics:}} & {\bf{Corpus Linguistics:}} Analyzing large collections of texts (corpora) to study language patterns and usage. \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 5) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Computational Linguistics:}} Using computer algorithms to model and analyze language (e.g., natural language processing, machine translation). \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 7) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Endangered Languages:}} & {\bf{Language Preservation:}} Efforts to document and revitalize endangered languages. \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 4) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Language Revitalization:}} Strategies to promote the use and transmission of endangered languages within communities. \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 6) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Globalization and Language:}} & {\bf{Language Contact:}} The impact of globalization on language contact and change. \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 4) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Lingua Franca:}} The role of languages like English in global communication and trade. \tn % Row Count 30 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusion}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The study of linguistics provides a comprehensive understanding of how language functions as a fundamental aspect of human cognition and communication} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{By examining phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and applied linguistics, scholars gain insights into the complexities of language structure, use, and development} \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 5) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{As the field continues to evolve with technological advancements and global changes, linguistics remains essential for understanding and navigating the rich tapestry of human language} \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}