\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (intro-to-languages.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (RainyMoons (RainyMoons))
  /Subject (Intro to Languages Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A9222D}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F9F1F1}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Intro to Languages Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/153402/cs/44274/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}RainyMoons (RainyMoons) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/rainymoons} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 31st August, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Definition:}} & The study of languages, often referred to as linguistics, encompasses the analysis of language structure, use, acquisition, and evolution. It includes understanding how languages are formed, how they function, and how they influence human communication. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Scope:}} & The study of languages is interdisciplinary, involving aspects of psychology, sociology, anthropology, cognitive science, and more. It covers various languages around the world, their histories, and their relationships with one another. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Branches of Linguistics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Phonetics:}} & The study of the physical sounds of human speech. Phonetics examines how sounds are produced, transmitted, and received. It includes the study of consonants, vowels, intonation, and stress. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Phonology:}} & The study of the abstract, cognitive aspects of sounds in language. Phonology focuses on how sounds function within a particular language or languages, including rules for sound patterns and variations. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Morphology:}} & The study of the structure of words. Morphology looks at how words are formed from smaller units called morphemes (e.g., roots, prefixes, suffixes) and the rules governing their combinations. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Syntax:}} & The study of sentence structure and the rules that govern the construction of sentences. Syntax examines how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Branches of Linguistics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Semantics:}} & The study of meaning in language. Semantics deals with how words, phrases, and sentences convey meaning, including the interpretation of words and sentences in different contexts. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pragmatics:}} & The study of how context influences the interpretation of meaning. Pragmatics looks at how speakers use language in social interactions, including the roles of inference, presupposition, and speech acts. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Sociolinguistics:}} & The study of the relationship between language and society. Sociolinguistics explores how language varies based on social factors such as region, class, gender, and ethnicity. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Psycholinguistics:}} & The study of the cognitive processes underlying language comprehension, production, and acquisition. Psycholinguistics investigates how the brain processes language and how people learn languages. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Branches of Linguistics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Historical Linguistics:}} & The study of how languages change over time. Historical linguistics examines the evolution of languages, the reconstruction of ancient languages, and the relationships between different languages (e.g., language families). \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{First Language Acquisition:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{First Language Acquisition:}} & {\bf{Critical Period Hypothesis:}}The idea that there is a specific period during early childhood when the human brain is particularly receptive to language learning. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Stages of Development:}}From babbling in infancy to the acquisition of vocabulary and grammar in early childhood \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Theories of Acquisition:}} & {\emph{Nativist Theory:}} Suggests that humans are born with an innate ability for language (e.g., Chomsky's Universal Grammar). \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{Learning Theory:}} Emphasizes the role of environment and reinforcement in language learning. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{Interactionist Theory:}} Combines innate abilities with social interaction as crucial for language development. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{First Language Acquisition: (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Second Language Acquisition (SLA):}} & Factors Influencing SLA: Age, motivation, exposure, cognitive abilities, and cultural integration. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Theories of SLA:}} & {\emph{Input Hypothesis:}} Proposed by Stephen Krashen, emphasizes the importance of comprehensible input in language learning. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{Interlanguage:}} The evolving linguistic system that a learner builds as they acquire a second language. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{Sociocultural Theory:}} Emphasizes the role of social interaction and cultural context in SLA. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Language Families and Typology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Language Families:}} & Groups of languages that have a common ancestral language. Major language families include: \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{Indo-European:}} Includes languages like English, Spanish, Russian, and Hindi. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{Sino-Tibetan:}} Includes languages like Mandarin Chinese and Tibetan. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{Afroasiatic:}} Includes languages like Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{Niger-Congo:}} Includes languages like Swahili, Yoruba, and Zulu. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Language Typology:}} & The classification of languages based on structural features. Typology studies similarities and differences across languages to categorize them into types such as: \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{Analytic Languages:}} Languages that use word order and auxiliary words rather than inflection to convey grammatical relationships (e.g., Chinese). \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{Synthetic Languages:}} Languages that use inflectional morphemes to convey grammatical relationships (e.g., Latin, Russian). \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Language Families and Typology (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{Agglutinative Languages:}} Languages that form words by stringing together morphemes, each conveying a specific grammatical meaning (e.g., Turkish, Japanese). \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Writing Systems and Orthography}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Types of Writing Systems:}} & Logographic: Uses symbols to represent words or morphemes (e.g., Chinese characters). \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Syllabic:}} Uses symbols to represent syllables (e.g., Japanese kana). \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Alphabetic:}} Uses symbols (letters) to represent individual sounds (phonemes) (e.g., Latin alphabet used in English). \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Development of Writing:}} & {\bf{Early Writing Systems:}} The earliest known writing systems, such as cuneiform (Sumerian) and hieroglyphics (Egyptian). \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Evolution of Alphabets:}} The transition from pictograms to alphabets, including the Phoenician alphabet, which influenced many modern writing systems. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Orthography:}} & The set of conventions for writing a language, including spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. Orthography can vary widely between languages and can be either phonemic (closely reflecting pronunciation) or more etymologically based. \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Language and Culture}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:}} & The theory that the structure of a language affects its speakers' worldview or cognition. Also known as linguistic relativity, it suggests that people perceive the world differently based on the language they speak. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Language and Identity:}} & How language shapes individual and group identity. Language can signify belonging to a particular community, ethnicity, or social group. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Language and Power:}} & The role of language in power dynamics, including how language can be used to assert authority, influence, and control within societies. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Language Preservation and Endangerment:}} & The global issue of language endangerment and extinction, often driven by globalization, cultural assimilation, and the dominance of major world languages. Efforts to preserve and revitalize endangered languages through documentation and educational programs. \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 13)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Applied Linguistics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Language Education:}} & The application of linguistic theory to teaching and learning languages. This includes curriculum design, language assessment, and the development of teaching materials. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Translation and Interpretation:}} & The practice of converting written or spoken content from one language to another, requiring not just linguistic but also cultural and contextual understanding. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Language Policy and Planning:}} & The development of policies regarding the use and teaching of languages in a particular country or region. This can include official language designation, bilingual education programs, and language rights. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 10)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Computational Linguistics:}} & The intersection of linguistics and computer science, involving the development of algorithms and software for natural language processing (NLP), machine translation, and speech recognition. \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Methods in Linguistics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Approaches:}} & {\emph{Descriptive Linguistics:}} Focuses on describing language as it is used, without judgment. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{Prescriptive Linguistics:}} Involves setting rules for how language should be used, often based on norms and standards. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Qualitative Methods:}} & In-depth analysis of language data, including case studies, interviews, and participant observation. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Quantitative Methods:}} & Statistical analysis of linguistic data, often involving large corpora or surveys to identify patterns and trends. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Fieldwork:}} & The practice of collecting linguistic data in natural settings, often involving the study of lesser-known or endangered languages in their native communities. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Methods in Linguistics (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Corpus Linguistics:}} & The study of language based on large collections of texts (corpora) that are analyzed to uncover patterns in language use. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusion}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The study of languages is a multifaceted discipline that explores the intricacies of human communication} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{By examining language structure, acquisition, and its role in society, scholars gain a deeper understanding of how language shapes human experience and interaction} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The field of linguistics is ever-evolving, with ongoing research contributing to our understanding of language's complexities and its vital role in human life} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}