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  /Author (RainyMoons (RainyMoons))
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Intro to Criminology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 29th August, 2024.\\
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview}}  \tn
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{\bf{Definition:}} & Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. It examines the causes, consequences, and prevention of criminal activity, as well as the social and legal responses to crime. \tn 
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{\bf{Scope:}} & Criminology covers various topics, including the nature of crime, patterns of criminal behavior, the role of law enforcement and the judicial system, victimology, and the impact of crime on society. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Historical Development of Criminology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Classical Criminology:}} & {\bf{Key Figures:}} Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Rational Choice Theory:}} Beccaria proposed that individuals have free will and engage in criminal behavior through rational decision-making, weighing the benefits against the consequences. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Deterrence:}} The idea that crime can be prevented through the threat of punishment, which should be proportionate, swift, and certain. \tn 
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{\bf{Positivist Criminology:}} & {\bf{Key Figures:}} Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, Raffaele Garofalo. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Biological Determinism:}} Lombroso's theory that criminals are biologically different from non-criminals, identifiable by physical traits (atavism). \tn 
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 & {\bf{Empirical Methods:}} The shift towards using scientific methods and empirical data to study crime, focusing on factors beyond individual control (e.g., biology, psychology, environment). \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Historical Development of Criminology (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Sociological Criminology:}} & {\bf{Key Figures:}} Émile Durkheim, Robert Merton. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Anomie Theory:}} Durkheim's concept of normlessness, where rapid social change leads to a breakdown of norms and increased crime. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Strain Theory:}} Merton's theory that societal pressure to achieve success leads individuals to commit crime when legitimate means are unavailable. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Major Theories in Criminology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Biological Theories:}} & {\bf{Core Idea:}} Crime is a result of biological factors, such as genetics, neurophysiology, and biochemical imbalances. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Genetic Theories:}} Some studies suggest a genetic predisposition to criminal behavior, though this is highly debated. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Neurological Theories:}} Focuses on brain structure and function, linking criminal behavior to abnormalities in brain regions responsible for impulse control and aggression. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Biochemical Theories:}} Examines the role of hormones, neurotransmitters, and environmental toxins in influencing behavior. \tn 
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{\bf{Psychological Theories:}} & {\bf{Core Idea:}} Criminal behavior arises from individual psychological factors, such as personality disorders, mental illness, and cognitive development. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Psychoanalytic Theory:}} Sigmund Freud's theory that unresolved unconscious conflicts can lead to criminal behavior. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Behavioral Theories:}} The idea that criminal behavior is learned through reinforcement and punishment (operant conditioning) or imitation (social learning theory). \tn 
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 & {\bf{Cognitive Theories:}} Focuses on how individuals perceive, interpret, and think about their environment and the role of moral development in behavior. \tn 
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{\bf{Sociological Theories:}} & {\bf{Core Idea:}} Crime is a product of social structure, culture, and interactions within society. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Social Disorganization Theory:}} Suggests that crime is more likely in communities with weak social institutions and poor economic conditions. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Strain Theory:}} Proposes that societal pressure to achieve culturally accepted goals (e.g., wealth) without access to legitimate means creates strain, leading to crime. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Labeling Theory:}} Argues that society's reaction to certain behaviors labels individuals as deviant, which can lead to further deviance. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Subcultural Theories:}} Examines how certain groups or subcultures develop values and norms that are conducive to criminal behavior. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Conflict Theory:}} Views crime as a result of social and economic inequalities, with laws often reflecting the interests of the powerful. \tn 
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{\bf{Critical Theories:}} & {\bf{Core Idea:}} Crime and criminal justice are viewed through the lens of power, inequality, and social justice. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Marxist Criminology:}} Argues that crime is a result of the capitalist system, where the ruling class uses law and order to control the working class. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Feminist Criminology:}} Focuses on how gender inequality influences crime and justice, particularly the experiences of women in the criminal justice system. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Critical Race Theory:}} Analyzes how race and racism influence criminal justice practices and contribute to the criminalization of minority communities. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Postmodern Criminology:}} Challenges traditional narratives and emphasizes the role of language, discourse, and power in shaping our understanding of crime and justice. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Crime Typologies}}  \tn
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{\bf{Violent Crime:}} & {\bf{Types:}} Homicide, assault, robbery, domestic violence, and sexual assault. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Causes:}} Can include personal disputes, substance abuse, mental illness, social and economic factors, and cultural influences. \tn 
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{\bf{Property Crime:}} & {\bf{Types:}} Burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson, and vandalism. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Causes:}} Often linked to economic need, social environment, and opportunity. \tn 
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{\bf{White-Collar and Corporate Crime:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} Non-violent crime committed by individuals or organizations in the course of their professional lives. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Types:}} Fraud, embezzlement, insider trading, tax evasion, and corporate misconduct. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Crime Typologies (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Causes:}} Often driven by greed, opportunity, and a lack of regulation or oversight. \tn 
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{\bf{Organized Crime:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} Crime conducted by structured groups that systematically engage in illegal activities, often with a profit motive. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Types:}} Drug trafficking, human trafficking, illegal gambling, money laundering, and extortion. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Causes:}} Can include socioeconomic factors, political corruption, and the demand for illegal goods and services. \tn 
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{\bf{Cybercrime:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} Criminal activities conducted via the internet or other digital means. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Types:}} Hacking, identity theft, cyberstalking, and online fraud. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Crime Typologies (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Causes:}} Often linked to technological advancements, anonymity, and the global reach of the internet. \tn 
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{\bf{Environmental Crime:}} & {\bf{Definition:}} Illegal activities that harm the environment, such as pollution, illegal wildlife trade, and deforestation. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Causes:}} Driven by economic gain, weak enforcement of environmental laws, and lack of public awareness. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Criminal Justice System}}  \tn
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{\bf{Law Enforcement:}} & {\bf{Role:}} Police and other law enforcement agencies are responsible for enforcing laws, preventing crime, and apprehending offenders. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Challenges:}} Includes balancing crime control with civil liberties, addressing police misconduct, and improving community relations. \tn 
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{\bf{Judiciary:}} & {\bf{Role:}} Courts interpret and apply the law, ensure fair trials, and determine guilt or innocence. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Due Process:}} Legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights owed to a person, ensuring fairness in the justice process. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Adversarial System:}} A legal system where two advocates represent their parties' positions before an impartial judge or jury. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Sentencing:}} The judicial determination of a legal sanction upon a person convicted of a crime, including fines, probation, imprisonment, or death penalty. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Criminal Justice System (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Corrections:}} & {\bf{Role:}} Correctional systems manage the punishment, treatment, and rehabilitation of convicted offenders. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Types:}} Includes prisons, jails, probation, parole, and community service. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Challenges:}} Overcrowding, recidivism, rehabilitation vs. punishment, and human rights concerns. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Victimology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Definition:}} & The study of victims and the patterns of how they are victimized. \tn 
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{\bf{Key Concepts:}} & {\bf{Victimization Theories:}} Explores why certain individuals or groups are more likely to be victims of crime (e.g., lifestyle-exposure theory, routine activity theory). \tn 
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 & {\bf{Impact of Crime on Victims:}} Includes physical, emotional, and financial consequences. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Victim Rights and Services:}} The development of legal rights and support services for victims, such as victim compensation, counseling, and advocacy. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Crime Prevention and Control}}  \tn
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{\bf{Primary Prevention:}} & {\bf{Goal:}} To prevent crime before it occurs by addressing underlying social and environmental factors. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Strategies:}} Community development, education, poverty reduction, and environmental design (CPTED - Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design). \tn 
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{\bf{Secondary Prevention:}} & {\bf{Goal:}} To intervene with at-risk individuals or groups to prevent the escalation of criminal behavior. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Strategies:}} Early intervention programs, youth mentoring, substance abuse treatment, and mental health services. \tn 
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{\bf{Tertiary Prevention:}} & {\bf{Goal:}} To prevent re-offending and manage the risk posed by convicted offenders. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Strategies:}} Rehabilitation programs, re-entry initiatives, restorative justice practices, and ongoing supervision (probation and parole). \tn 
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{\bf{Law Enforcement Strategies:}} & {\bf{Community Policing:}} Building relationships between police and communities to proactively address crime and disorder. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Zero Tolerance Policing:}} A strict enforcement policy on minor crimes and infractions to deter more serious crimes. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Intelligence-Led Policing:}} Using data analysis and intelligence to guide policing strategies and allocate resources effectively. \tn 
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{\bf{Criminal Justice Reform:}} & {\bf{Issues:}} Mass incarceration, racial disparities, police reform, sentencing reform, and the decriminalization of certain offenses. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Reform Movements:}} Advocacy for changes in laws, policies, and practices to create a more equitable and effective justice system. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Emerging Issues in Criminology}}  \tn
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{\bf{Globalization and Transnational Crime:}} & The rise of crimes that cross national borders, such as human trafficking, drug smuggling, and cybercrime, challenging traditional law enforcement approaches. \tn 
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{\bf{Terrorism:}} & The study of politically motivated violence aimed at civilians to achieve ideological objectives, and the legal and social responses to such acts. \tn 
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{\bf{Technological Advancements:}} & The impact of new technologies on crime and criminal justice, including surveillance, cybercrime, and the use of artificial intelligence in policing. \tn 
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{\bf{Environmental Criminology:}} & The study of the relationship between environmental factors (e.g., urban design, climate change) and crime patterns. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Emerging Issues in Criminology (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Criminalization of Poverty:}} & Analyzing how poverty and social inequality lead to the criminalization of marginalized communities, often resulting in over-policing and harsh sentencing. \tn 
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{\bf{Restorative Justice:}} & An alternative approach to justice focusing on repairing the harm caused by crime through reconciliation between offenders, victims, and the community. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusion}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Criminology is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field that seeks to understand the complexities of crime and develop effective responses to it} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{By exploring the causes of criminal behavior, the functioning of the criminal justice system, and the impact of crime on society, criminologists aim to contribute to the development of policies and practices that promote justice, safety, and social well-being} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{As crime and society evolve, criminology continues to adapt, integrating new theories, methods, and perspectives to address contemporary challenge} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}