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  /Title (intro-to-classical-civilization.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (RainyMoons (RainyMoons))
  /Subject (Intro to Classical Civilization Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Intro to Classical Civilization Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/153402/cs/44230/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 28th August, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview}}  \tn
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{\bf{Definition:}} & Classical Civilization refers to the study of the ancient cultures and societies of Greece and Rome, which have profoundly influenced Western civilization. \tn 
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{\bf{Scope:}} & This field encompasses history, literature, philosophy, art, and architecture from approximately 800 BCE to 500 CE, examining the cultural, political, and intellectual legacies of the ancient Mediterranean world. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Historical Context}}  \tn
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{\bf{Ancient Greece:}} & {\bf{Geographical Setting:}} Located in the southeastern part of Europe, consisting of a mainland and numerous islands. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Archaic Period (c. 800-480 BCE):}} Development of city-states (poleis), the establishment of democracy in Athens, and the creation of the first major literary works like Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Classical Period (c. 480-323 BCE):}} Marked by the Persian Wars, the height of Athenian democracy, the Peloponnesian War, and the cultural achievements in philosophy, drama, and the arts. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Hellenistic Period (c. 323-31 BCE):}} Following Alexander the Great's conquests, Greek culture spread throughout the Mediterranean and Near East, blending with local cultures to create a cosmopolitan civilization. \tn 
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{\bf{Ancient Rome:}} & {\bf{Geographical Setting:}} Initially centered on the city of Rome, located on the Italian Peninsula, Rome eventually expanded to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Historical Context (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Roman Kingdom (c. 753-509 BCE):}} The early monarchical period of Rome's history, mythically founded by Romulus. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Roman Republic (c. 509-27 BCE):}} A period characterized by the establishment of a republican government with elected officials, the expansion of Roman territory, and internal political struggles. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Roman Empire (27 BCE - 476 CE):}} Beginning with Augustus, the empire expanded to its greatest extent under Emperor Trajan, eventually splitting into Eastern and Western Empires. The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE, while the Eastern Empire, or Byzantine Empire, continued until 1453 CE. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Concepts \& Themes in Classical Civilization}}  \tn
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{\bf{Polis (City-State):}} & The fundamental political unit of ancient Greece, consisting of a city and its surrounding countryside. Key poleis included Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes. \tn 
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 & Athenian Democracy: A direct form of democracy where citizens participated in decision-making assemblies. Important institutions included the Assembly (Ekklesia) and the Council of 500 (Boule). \tn 
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Imperialism: & Both Greece and Rome engaged in territorial expansion. In Greece, this was seen during the Hellenistic period under Alexander the Great. In Rome, imperial expansion was a hallmark of both the Republic and the Empire, with territories spanning Europe, Africa, and Asia. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Major Figures in Classical Civilization}}  \tn
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{\bf{Greece:}} & {\bf{Homer (c. 8th century BCE):}} Author of the Iliad and Odyssey, epic poems that form the cornerstone of Greek literature. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Socrates (469-399 BCE):}} Philosopher who developed the Socratic method of questioning, laying the groundwork for Western philosophical thought. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Pericles (c. 495-429 BCE):}} Athenian statesman during the city's Golden Age, known for advancing democracy and commissioning the building of the Parthenon. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE):}} Macedonian king whose conquests spread Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean and Near East. \tn 
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{\bf{Rome:}} & {\bf{Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE):}} Military general and statesman who played a critical role in the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Augustus (63 BCE - 14 CE):}} The first Roman emperor who established the principate and ushered in a period of relative peace known as the Pax Romana. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Major Figures in Classical Civilization (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Virgil (70-19 BCE):}} Roman poet best known for the Aeneid, an epic that became Rome's national epic. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Cicero (106-43 BCE):}} Roman orator, statesman, and philosopher, renowned for his speeches and writings on rhetoric, politics, and philosophy. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Social Structure and Daily Life}}  \tn
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{\bf{Greek Society:}} & {\bf{Social Classes:}} Divided into free citizens, metics (resident foreigners), and slaves. In Athens, citizenship was limited to free-born males, while women, slaves, and foreigners had limited rights. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Education:}} Boys were educated in rhetoric, philosophy, and physical training, while girls were primarily educated at home. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Women's Roles:}} Women in ancient Greece generally had fewer rights and were expected to manage the household and raise children. In Sparta, women had more freedom and were trained in physical education. \tn 
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{\bf{Roman Society:}} & {\bf{Social Hierarchy:}} The Roman social structure was divided into several classes, including patricians (aristocratic families), plebeians (commoners), and slaves. The paterfamilias held absolute power within the family. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Social Structure and Daily Life (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Slavery:}} Slaves were a significant part of the workforce and could be found in households, agriculture, mines, and as gladiators. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Family Life:}} Roman families were patriarchal, with the paterfamilias (male head of the family) having control over all family members. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Entertainment:}} Popular forms of entertainment included gladiatorial games, chariot races, and theater performances. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Political Systems and Governance}}  \tn
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{\bf{Greek Government:}} & {\bf{Athenian Democracy:}} A direct form of democracy where male citizens participated in decision-making through the Assembly and the Council of 500. Key positions were often filled by lot, rather than election. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Spartan Oligarchy:}} Ruled by two kings and a council of elders (Gerousia), with a focus on military discipline and communal living. \tn 
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{\bf{Roman Government:}} & {\bf{Roman Republic:}} Characterized by a mixed constitution with elements of democracy (e.g., the Assemblies), oligarchy (e.g., the Senate), and monarchy (e.g., the Consuls). The Republic experienced significant conflict between the patricians and plebeians. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Roman Empire:}} After the fall of the Republic, Rome transitioned to an imperial system under Augustus. The emperor held supreme power, supported by a bureaucratic administration. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Major Wars and Conflicts}}  \tn
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{\bf{Persian Wars (c. 499-449 BCE):}} & A series of conflicts between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, culminating in the Greek victories at Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea. \tn 
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{\bf{Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE):}} & A protracted conflict between Athens and Sparta, along with their respective allies, which ultimately led to the downfall of Athens and the weakening of Greek city-states. \tn 
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{\bf{Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE):}} & A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage, resulting in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. \tn 
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{\bf{Civil Wars of the Roman Republic (133-31 BCE):}} & A series of internal conflicts that led to the end of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. Key figures include Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Octavian (later Augustus). \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cultural Achievements}}  \tn
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{\bf{Greek Achievements:}} & {\bf{Philosophy:}} The works of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the foundations of Western philosophy. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Drama:}} The development of tragedy and comedy, with playwrights such as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Architecture:}} The Parthenon and the use of columns (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian) are quintessential examples of Greek architectural achievements. \tn 
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{\bf{Roman Achievements:}} & {\bf{Engineering:}} The construction of aqueducts, roads, and monumental buildings like the Colosseum and the Pantheon. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Law:}} The development of Roman law, including concepts like jus gentium (law of nations) and jus civile (civil law), which influenced the legal systems of many modern nations. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Literature:}} Epic poetry, historical writing, and rhetoric flourished, with works by Virgil, Ovid, Livy, and Cicero. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Decline and Legacy}}  \tn
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{\bf{Fall of the Roman Empire:}} & {\bf{Internal Factors:}} Political instability, economic decline, and social decay weakened the empire. \tn 
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 & {\bf{External Factors:}} Invasions by barbarian tribes, including the Visigoths, Vandals, and Huns, contributed to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Legacy:}} Despite the fall, the Roman Empire left a lasting legacy in law, language, architecture, and governance. The Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire, preserved many aspects of Roman culture and continued until 1453 CE. \tn 
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{\bf{Cultural and Intellectual Legacy:}} & {\bf{Western Civilization:}} Classical civilization provided the foundation for Western thought, government, art, and culture. The Renaissance, in particular, saw a revival of interest in classical learning and ideals. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Decline and Legacy (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Language:}} Latin became the lingua franca of medieval Europe and is the root of the Romance languages (Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian). \tn 
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 & {\bf{Philosophy and Science:}} Greek and Roman philosophical ideas influenced later thinkers in the Enlightenment and the development of modern science. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Study \& Interpretation of Classical Civilization}}  \tn
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{\bf{Archaeology:}} & The study of ancient sites and artifacts to reconstruct the daily life, culture, and history of classical civilizations. Key sites include Pompeii, Athens, and Rome. \tn 
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{\bf{Historiography:}} & The study of how history has been written about classical civilizations, including the works of ancient historians like Herodotus, Thucydides, Livy, and Tacitus, as well as modern interpretations. \tn 
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{\bf{Classical Philology:}} & The study of ancient Greek and Latin languages and literature, focusing on the interpretation of texts, the transmission of manuscripts, and the influence of classical languages on modern languages. \tn 
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{\bf{Reception Studies:}} & The exploration of how classical antiquity has been received, interpreted, and reinterpreted in later cultures, including its influence on literature, art, and political thought throughout history. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusion}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Classical civilization, encompassing the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome, forms the bedrock of Western civilization} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Through the study of their history, literature, philosophy, art, and social structures, we gain insight into the foundational ideas and practices that continue to shape the modern world} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The legacies of these ancient societies remain deeply embedded in contemporary thought, governance, law, and culture, making the study of classical civilization essential for understanding the roots of Western tradition and its enduring influence} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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