\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)} \pdfinfo{ /Title (impact-of-the-cold-war-on-american-media.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (RainyMoons (RainyMoons)) /Subject (Impact of the Cold War on American Media Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A33E3E} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F9F2F2} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Impact of the Cold War on American Media Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/153402/cs/44179/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}RainyMoons (RainyMoons) \\ \uline{cheatography.com/rainymoons} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\ Updated 20th August, 2024.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Overview of the Cold War}} & {\bf{Definition:}} A period of intense geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union (1947–1991), characterized by ideological, military, and cultural competition. \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 9) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Bipolar World Order:}} The world was divided into two spheres of influence: the capitalist West, led by the U.S., and the communist East, led by the USSR. \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 8) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Impact on Society:}} The Cold War permeated every aspect of American life, including politics, economics, education, and culture. Media played a crucial role in shaping public perception and sustaining the ideological battle. \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 11) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Role of Media in the Cold War}} & {\bf{Propaganda Tool:}} Both superpowers used media to propagate their ideologies, defend their policies, and influence global opinion. \tn % Row Count 34 (+ 6) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview (cont)}} \tn % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Cultural Battlefield:}} Media became a battleground where the values of capitalism and communism were contested through news, entertainment, and cultural products. \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 8) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Influence on Public Opinion:}} The media shaped American perceptions of the Soviet Union, communism, and international events, playing a key role in maintaining public support for Cold War policies. \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 10) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Government Influence and Propaganda}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Establishment of Government Agencies}} & {\bf{Office of War Information (OWI):}} During WWII, the OWI was responsible for disseminating propaganda; its methods and structures were adapted during the Cold War to maintain American morale and promote anti-communism. \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 11) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Central Intelligence Agency (CIA):}} The CIA covertly influenced media to promote anti-communist narratives and counter Soviet propaganda. This included funding cultural organizations, media outlets, and even individual journalists. \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 12) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{United States Information Agency (USIA):}} Created in 1953 to conduct public diplomacy and spread American ideals abroad, focusing heavily on broadcasting and cultural diplomacy. \tn % Row Count 32 (+ 9) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Government Influence and Propaganda (cont)}} \tn % Row 3 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Media as a Propaganda Tool}} & {\bf{House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC):}} This congressional committee investigated alleged communist infiltration in Hollywood and other media sectors, leading to blacklisting and self-censorship. \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 11) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Impact on Hollywood:}} Filmmakers, actors, and writers accused of communist sympathies were blacklisted, leading to careers being destroyed and a chilling effect on creative freedom. \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 10) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty:}} These U.S.-funded radio stations broadcast anti-communist programming into Eastern Europe and the USSR, promoting American values and providing an alternative narrative to Soviet-controlled media. \tn % Row Count 33 (+ 12) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Government Influence and Propaganda (cont)}} \tn % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Voice of America (VOA):}} Another U.S.-government funded broadcaster that played a significant role in promoting American culture and political values globally, particularly in countries under Soviet influence. \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 11) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Media Censorship and Control}} & {\bf{Censorship in News and Entertainment:}} The government encouraged media outlets to avoid content that could be interpreted as pro-communist or critical of U.S. foreign policy. \tn % Row Count 20 (+ 9) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{The Hollywood Blacklist:}} A result of McCarthyism, where suspected communists or sympathizers were barred from working in the film industry. \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 8) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Smith-Mundt Act (1948):}} Initially prohibited domestic dissemination of propaganda produced by the U.S. government, though this was often circumvented, and later amended to allow for some domestic distribution. \tn % Row Count 39 (+ 11) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{News Media and the Cold War}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Cold War Coverage}} & {\bf{Anti-Communist Bias:}} American news outlets, influenced by government policies and societal attitudes, often portrayed communism and the Soviet Union in a highly negative light. \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 9) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Sensationalism:}} Fear-mongering headlines and stories about communist threats were common, contributing to public anxiety and the Red Scare. \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 7) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Influence of Major Networks:}} The three dominant TV networks (ABC, CBS, NBC) played a critical role in shaping public perception of the Cold War, often aligning with government narratives. \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 9) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Key Events and Media Coverage}} & {\bf{The Berlin Airlift (1948-1949):}} The media covered the U.S. airlift as a heroic effort against Soviet aggression, bolstering anti-communist sentiment. \tn % Row Count 32 (+ 7) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{News Media and the Cold War (cont)}} \tn % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Korean War (1950-1953):}} U.S. media coverage framed the conflict as a critical front in the global struggle against communism, emphasizing the need for American intervention. The portrayal of the war as a fight against the spread of communism helped sustain public support for the conflict. \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 14) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Cuban Missile Crisis (1962):}} The crisis was the first major international conflict extensively covered on television, bringing the Cold War's dangers directly into American homes. Media coverage emphasized the threat posed by the Soviet Union and the importance of American resolve, reinforcing anti-Soviet sentiment. \tn % Row Count 29 (+ 15) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Vietnam War (1955-1975):}} This was the first "television war," with graphic images broadcast directly into American homes, shaping public perception of the conflict. Media coverage of the offensive led to a shift in public opinion against the war, showing the limits of American power and contributing to the rise of anti-war sentiment. Discrepancies between official government statements and media reports eroded public trust, leading to increased skepticism about the Cold War and U.S. foreign policy. \tn % Row Count 53 (+ 24) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hollywood's Role in the Cold War}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Propaganda Films}} & {\bf{Pro-American Themes:}} Films like "The Red Menace" (1949) and "I Married a Communist" (1949) depicted communism as a sinister force threatening American values. \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 8) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Glorification of American Ideals:}} Movies and TV shows often highlighted themes of freedom, democracy, and the American way of life as superior to communism. \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 8) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Science Fiction as Allegory}} & {\bf{Alien Invasions as Communist Metaphors:}} Films like "Invasion of the Body Snatchers" (1956) and "The Day the Earth Stood Still" (1951) used science fiction to explore Cold War fears, often serving as allegories for the threat of communist infiltration. \tn % Row Count 28 (+ 12) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Western Films}} & {\bf{Good vs. Evil Narratives:}} The Western genre, with its clear moral dichotomies, often served as an allegory for the Cold War, depicting the U.S. as the righteous force opposing evil, much like its stance against the Soviet Union. \tn % Row Count 39 (+ 11) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Television's Influence}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Cold War Dramas and Comedies}} & {\bf{Spy Shows:}} Shows like "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." (1964-1968) and "I Spy" (1965-1968) capitalized on Cold War intrigue, portraying U.S. agents as heroes combating communist threats. \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 9) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Sitcoms and Cold War Paranoia:}} Comedies like "I Love Lucy" occasionally touched on Cold War themes, reflecting societal anxieties in a more lighthearted manner. \tn % Row Count 17 (+ 8) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Educational Programs}} & {\bf{Duck and Cover:}} Civil defense films like "Duck and Cover" (1951) were designed to educate the public, particularly children, on how to protect themselves during a nuclear attack, though they often heightened fears. \tn % Row Count 27 (+ 10) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Music and the Cold War}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Patriotic and Protest Songs}} & {\bf{Pro-American Music:}} Songs like "The Ballad of the Green Berets" (1966) celebrated American soldiers and the fight against communism. \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 7) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Protest Music:}} The 1960s saw the rise of anti-war and anti-establishment music, with artists like Bob Dylan and Joan Baez using their platforms to critique U.S. Cold War policies. \tn % Row Count 16 (+ 9) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Cultural Diplomacy}} & {\bf{Jazz Ambassadors:}} The U.S. State Department sponsored tours by jazz musicians like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington to promote American culture abroad, using music as a tool of soft power. \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 9) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Impact of the Cold War on Media Ethics}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Media Manipulation and Deception}} & {\bf{Operation Mockingbird:}} A CIA operation that recruited journalists to spread pro-American and anti-Soviet propaganda, blurring the line between independent journalism and government influence. \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 10) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Planted Stories:}} The U.S. government, through various agencies, planted stories in domestic and foreign media to influence public opinion and discredit opponents. \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 8) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{The Chilling Effect}} & {\bf{Self-Censorship:}} Fear of being labeled unpatriotic or communist led many journalists and media outlets to avoid critical coverage of U.S. foreign policy or Cold War issues. \tn % Row Count 27 (+ 9) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Impact on Investigative Journalism:}} The Cold War era saw a decline in investigative journalism on foreign policy, as media often aligned with government narratives. \tn % Row Count 35 (+ 8) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Impact of the Cold War on Media Ethics (cont)}} \tn % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{The Ethical Debate}} & {\bf{Balance between Patriotism and Objectivity:}} The Cold War raised questions about the role of the media in supporting national interests versus maintaining journalistic integrity and objectivity. \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 10) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Long-Term Consequences:}} The practices of Cold War-era media have had lasting effects on public trust in the media and the perceived role of journalism in society. \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 8) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Cold War's Legacy on US Media}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{The End of the Cold War}} & {\bf{Media Coverage of the Collapse of the USSR:}} The media played a crucial role in documenting the fall of the Berlin Wall (1989), the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991), and the end of the Cold War. \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 11) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Shift in Media Focus:}} With the Cold War's end, American media shifted from a singular focus on communism to covering new global threats and challenges, such as terrorism and the rise of China. \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 10) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Lasting Influence on American Media}} & {\bf{Continuing Skepticism:}} The Cold War contributed to a deep-seated skepticism in the American public towards media and government, a legacy that persists in contemporary discussions about media bias and credibility. \tn % Row Count 32 (+ 11) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Cold War's Legacy on US Media (cont)}} \tn % Row 3 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & {\bf{Enduring Themes in Popular Culture:}} Cold War themes continue to influence American cinema, television, and literature, with the era's espionage, paranoia, and ideological conflicts remaining popular subjects. \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 11) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{The Media as a Tool of National Security:}} The Cold War set a precedent for the media's role in national security issues, influencing how the media covers conflicts and crises in the post-Cold War world. \tn % Row Count 22 (+ 11) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusion}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{The Dual Role of Media During the Cold War}} & {\bf{Propagandist and Informant:}} The American media served both as a propagandist for the U.S. government and as an informant for the public, often blurring the lines between the two roles. \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 10) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Shaping Public Perception:}} The media was instrumental in shaping how Americans viewed the Cold War, communism, and their own country's role in the world. \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 8) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{The Cold War's Complex Legacy}} & {\bf{Cultural and Ethical Impact:}} The Cold War left a lasting impact on American media, influencing its approach to journalism, ethics, and cultural production. \tn % Row Count 26 (+ 8) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & {\bf{Relevance Today:}} Understanding the media's role during the Cold War is crucial for analyzing contemporary media practices and the ongoing influence of Cold War-era narratives in global politics. \tn % Row Count 36 (+ 10) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}