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  /Title (criminology-and-mkultra.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (RainyMoons (RainyMoons))
  /Subject (Criminology and MKULTRA Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Criminology and MKULTRA Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 14th August, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Why MKULTRA is Relevant to Criminology}}  \tn
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Definition of MKULTRA: & CIA mind control and behavioural modification program (1953–1973), involving covert experiments on unwitting human subjects. \tn 
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Criminology relevance: & Example of state crime and crimes of the powerful. \tn 
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 & Illustrates systematic violation of domestic and international law. \tn 
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 & Demonstrates how scientific expertise can be weaponised by state agencies. \tn 
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Key research lens: & State secrecy → prevents detection, obstructs accountability. \tn 
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 & Intersection of law, ethics, and power. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Criminological Frameworks Applicable to MKULTRA}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{State Crime}}} \tn 
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Definition: & Illegal or deviant acts committed by state agencies or officials in pursuit of their policies. \tn 
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MKULTRA as state crime: & Violated the Nuremberg Code (informed consent, avoidance of harm). \tn 
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 & Covert dosing of civilians → assault, poisoning, battery. \tn 
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 & Experiments overseas violated host country sovereignty. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Crimes of the Powerful}}} \tn 
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Edwin Sutherland's white-collar crime theory: & Crimes committed by persons of respectability and high social status. \tn 
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MKULTRA fit: & Perpetrators were senior scientists, psychiatrists, government officials. \tn 
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 & Shielded by professional authority and classified security clearance. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Neutralisation Theory (Sykes \& Matza, 1957)}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Criminological Frameworks Applicable to MKULTRA (cont)}}  \tn
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Techniques of neutralisation used by MKULTRA personnel: & Denial of injury: Framing experiments as harmless or necessary for national security. \tn 
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 & Appeal to higher loyalties: Claiming Cold War threats justified the actions. \tn 
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 & Denial of victim: Viewing subjects (prisoners, psychiatric patients) as expendable or unworthy. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Strain Theory}}} \tn 
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Merton: & Crime arises when legitimate means to achieve goals are blocked. \tn 
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MKULTRA angle: & The CIA sought control over human behaviour — an "innovation" where they abandoned lawful means and pursued illegal experimentation to achieve strategic dominance. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{State-Corporate Crime}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Partnership between government and private actors to commit harm.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Criminological Frameworks Applicable to MKULTRA (cont)}}  \tn
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MKULTRA used: & University researchers (e.g., Harvard, McGill). \tn 
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 & Pharmaceutical companies supplying drugs. \tn 
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 & Front organisations to hide CIA involvement. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Criminal Acts and Legal Violations}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Domestic US Law}}} \tn 
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Assault and battery: & Covert drugging without consent. \tn 
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Homicide: & Deaths of subjects (e.g., Frank Olson). \tn 
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\seqsplit{Kidnapping/unlawful} detention: & Some subjects held in isolation. \tn 
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Fraud: & Misuse of federal funds under false pretences. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{International Law}}} \tn 
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Nuremberg Code breaches: & Experiments without voluntary consent. \tn 
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Geneva Conventions: & Prohibition on inhumane treatment of civilians and POWs. \tn 
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Sovereignty violations: & Experiments conducted in Canada, Germany, Japan. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Civil Liability}}} \tn 
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Tort law violations: & Negligence, intentional infliction of emotional distress. \tn 
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Barriers to litigation: & State secrets doctrine, statute of limitations. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Victims and Vulnerable Populations}}  \tn
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Prisoners: & Viewed as expendable; less public oversight. \tn 
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Psychiatric patients: & Already institutionalised and discredited. \tn 
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Minorities and the poor: & Disproportionately targeted. \tn 
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Military personnel: & Sometimes used without full disclosure. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Criminology note: Victimology shows a pattern where those with least social power are most vulnerable to state abuse.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Investigations and Exposure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Church Committee (1975–1976)}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{US Senate investigation into intelligence abuses.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Revealed MKULTRA and related programs.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Found systematic destruction of evidence (Sidney Gottlieb ordered MKULTRA files burned in 1973).} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Legal Cases}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Frank Olson family lawsuit (1970s–1990s).} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Canadian survivors of Ewen Cameron's "Montreal Experiments" sued the CIA and Canadian government.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Barriers to Justice}}} \tn 
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State secrecy doctrine: & Courts defer to executive branch claims of national security. \tn 
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Evidence destruction: & Limits prosecution. \tn 
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Statute of limitations: & Many claims time-barred before program exposure. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theoretical Insights from MKULTRA in Criminology}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{State immunity enables large-scale harm without accountability.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Elite deviance can operate under the guise of legitimate authority.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Crimes of obedience (Kelman \& Hamilton, 1989): Individuals commit acts they know are wrong when ordered by superiors.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Moral disengagement (Bandura): Rationalising harm by reframing it as necessary or justified.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Legacy and Policy Reforms}}  \tn
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Post-MKULTRA reforms: & Stronger human subject research protections (Belmont Report, IRBs). \tn 
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 & Increased congressional oversight of intelligence agencies. \tn 
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Continuing concerns: & "Black sites" and covert experiments post-9/11 raise parallels. \tn 
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 & Surveillance and behavioural data collection as modern equivalents of control research. \tn 
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% That's all folks
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