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% Most of the following are not required for the majority
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% Document Info
\author{Rachit Murarka}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (data-storage.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Rachit Murarka)
  /Subject (Data Storage Cheat Sheet)
}

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% Header and Footer
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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Data Storage Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Rachit Murarka} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/197487/cs/41670/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Rachit Murarka \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/rachit-murarka} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 12th December, 2023.\\
   Updated 12th December, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Memory and Storage devices}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\} {\bf{Category}} & \{\{border=2\}\} {\bf{Devices}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\} Primary Memory & \{\{border=1\}\} RAM, ROM, Cache Memory \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\} Internal Secondary Storage & \{\{border=1\}\} Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Solid State Drive (SSD) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\} External Secondary Storage \{\{br\}\} & \{\{border=1\}\} DVD/CD, DVD-RAM, Blu-ray Disc, USB Memory Stick/Flash Memory, Removable Hard Drive \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.9 cm} x{2.812 cm} x{2.888 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Comparison of RAM and ROM}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Feature}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{RAM}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{ROM}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Type of Memory & \{\{border=1\}\}Temporary memory & \{\{border=1\}\}Permanent memory \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Volatility & \{\{border=1\}\}Volatile (contents lost when powered off) & \{\{border=1\}\}Non-volatile (contents retained) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Read/Write & \{\{border=1\}\}Can be written to and read from & \{\{border=1\}\}Data stored cannot be altered \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Usage & \{\{border=1\}\}Stores data, files, part of an application or OS & \{\{border=1\}\}Always used to store BIOS and other data \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.9 cm} x{2.888 cm} x{2.812 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Virtual Memory vs. Normal Memory Management}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Feature}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Virtual Memory}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Normal Memory Management}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}RAM \seqsplit{Utilization} & \{\{border=1\}\}Programs larger than physical memory can be executed & \{\{border=1\}\}Limited by the available physical memory \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Data Movement & \{\{border=1\}\}Data moved in and out of HDD/SSD as needed & \{\{border=1\}\}No movement of data between memory and storage \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Disk Thrashing & \{\{border=1\}\}Can lead to disk thrashing if not managed properly & \{\{border=1\}\}No disk thrashing as data stays in RAM \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DRAM(Dynamic RAM)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Aspect}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{nobreak\}\}\{\{border=1\}\}Composition & \{\{border=1\}\}Consists of transistors and capacitors \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Operation & \{\{border=1\}\}Capacitor holds bits of information (0 or 1); transistor acts as a switch for reading/writing \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Refresh & \{\{border=1\}\}Requires constant refreshing (every 15 microseconds) to prevent data loss \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Magnetic Storage (Hard Disk Drives - HDD)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Aspect}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Data Storage & \{\{border=1\}\}Data is stored in a digital format on the magnetic surfaces of disks (platters) with read-write heads \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Latency & \{\{border=1\}\}Slower data access compared to RAM; latency occurs as the read-write heads search for the correct data \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{nobreak\}\}\{\{border=1\}\}Fragmentation & \{\{border=1\}\}Fragmentation occurs over time, affecting performance; defragmentation software can improve this \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Memory Sticks/Flash Memory}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Uses solid-state technology; small, lightweight devices suitable for transferring files between computers} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Virtual Memory}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Aspect}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Purpose & \{\{border=1\}\}Extends physical RAM, allowing larger programs to run; utilizes hard disk or SSD as swap space \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Paging & \{\{border=1\}\}Uses paging to store and retrieve data from HDD/SSD, copying it into RAM \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Advantages & \{\{border=1\}\}- Programs can be larger than physical memory\{\{nl\}\}- Reduces the need for expensive RAM \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.584 cm} x{2.508 cm} x{2.508 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blu-ray Discs vs DVDs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Aspect}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Blu-ray}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{DVDs}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Laser Color & \{\{border=1\}\}Blue & \{\{border=1\}\}Red \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Wavelength of Laser Light & \{\{border=1\}\}405 nm & \{\{border=1\}\}650 nm \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Storage Capacity (Dual-Layer) & \{\{border=1\}\}Up to 50 GB & \{\{border=1\}\}8.5 GB (for dual-layer DVDs) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Interactivity & \{\{border=1\}\}Greater \seqsplit{interactivity;} high definition movies & \{\{border=1\}\}Limited \seqsplit{interactivity;} standard definition movies \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Data Transfer Rate & \{\{border=1\}\}36 Mbps & \{\{border=1\}\}10 Mbps \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.44 cm} x{4.56 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Primary and Secondary Storage}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\} {\bf{Storage Type}} & \{\{border=2\}\} {\bf{Storage Type}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\} Primary Memory & \{\{border=1\}\} Directly addressable by CPU, contains RAM, ROM, and cache memory \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\} Secondary Storage & \{\{border=1\}\} 	Not directly addressable by CPU, non-volatile devices (e.g., HDD, SSD, DVD) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.736 cm} x{2.584 cm} x{2.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Comparison of DRAM and SRAM}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Feature}} & \{\{border=2\}\} {\bf{DRAM}} & \{\{border=2\}\} {\bf{SRAM}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\} Construction & \{\{border=1\}\}Transistors and capacitors & \{\{border=1\}\}Flip flops \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\} Refresh \{\{nobreak\}\}Requirement & \{\{border=1\}\}Needs constant refreshing & \{\{border=1\}\}No constant refreshing \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\} Cost & \{\{border=1\}\}Less expensive & \{\{border=1\}\}More expensive \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\} Power Consumtion & \{\{border=1\}\}Consumes less power & \{\{border=1\}\}Consumes more power \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\} Memory Capacity & \{\{border=1\}\}Higher memory capacity & \{\{border=1\}\}Lower memory capacity \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Optical Storage Media}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Media Type}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Characteristics}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}CD/DVD & \{\{border=1\}\}Uses laser light to read and write data on metal alloy or organic dye layer \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Blu-ray & \{\{border=1\}\}Uses blue laser light, smaller pits and lands, higher capacity, and dual-layering \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.9 cm} x{2.888 cm} x{2.812 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cloud Storage Benefits and Drawbacks}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Aspect}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Benefits}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Drawbacks}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Data \seqsplit{Redundancy} & \{\{border=1\}\}Increased data redundancy and accessibility & \{\{border=1\}\}Security concerns and potential data loss \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Accessibility & \{\{border=1\}\}Access data from anywhere with an internet connection & \{\{border=1\}\}Relinquishing control over data security \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Cost & \{\{border=1\}\}Cost-effective storage solutions & \{\{border=1\}\}Risk of data loss from hacking and security breaches \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SRAM(Static RAM)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Aspect}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{nobreak\}\}\{\{border=1\}\}Composition & \{\{border=1\}\}Uses flip-flops to hold each bit of memory \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Refresh & \{\{border=1\}\}No constant refreshing needed \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Speed & \{\{border=1\}\}Faster data access compared to DRAM (typically, access time for SRAM is 25 ns) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SSD(Solid State Drive)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Aspect}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}\{\{nobreak\}\}Composition & \{\{border=1\}\}Uses NAND or NOR chips to control the movement of electrons, storing data as 0s and 1s in transistors \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Advantages & \{\{border=1\}\} - More reliable (no moving parts)\{\{nl\}\}- Lighter and suitable for laptops\{\{nl\}\}- Faster data access than HDD \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Virtual Memory}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Aspect}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Purpose & \{\{border=1\}\}Extends physical RAM, allowing larger programs to run; utilizes hard disk or SSD as swap space \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Paging & \{\{border=1\}\}Uses paging to store and retrieve data from HDD/SSD, copying it into RAM \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Advantages & \{\{border=1\}\}- Programs can be larger than physical memory\{\{nl\}\}- Reduces the need for expensive RAM \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cloud Storage}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Aspect}} & \{\{border=2\}\}{\bf{Description}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Types & \{\{border=1\}\}-Public cloud (different provider and client companies)\{\{nl\}\}-Private cloud (integrated client and provider)\{\{nl\}\}-Hybrid cloud (combination of public and private) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{border=1\}\}Reduncy & \{\{border=1\}\}Data redundancy on multiple servers to ensure availability \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{border=1\}\}Security Risks & \{\{border=1\}\}Risks include physical security, natural disasters, and potential data loss from hacking or other breaches \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}