\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
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\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{racheleva}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (computer-graphics-5.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (racheleva)
  /Subject (Computer Graphics 5 Cheat Sheet)
}

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% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
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\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
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\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{4FAB44}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F4F9F3}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Computer Graphics 5 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{racheleva} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/217931/cs/48020/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}racheleva \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/racheleva} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 28th April, 2026.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{UNIT 5}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{PART A} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{chromaticity}} & quality of a color (hue/saturation) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{chromaticity diagram}} & visual representation of all perceivable colors; mixture of colors + comparison \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{RGB}} & additive color model; combining at full intensity produces white \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{YIQ}} & Y - luminance component; grayscale information \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{CMY}} & subtractive(from reflected white) color model; mixing inks/dyes/pigments; \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{HSV/HLS}} & H - Hue (pure color); HSV - single hexcone; HLS - double hexcone\{\{nl\}\}S - saturation (vibrancy)\{\{nl\}\}V - value(brightness) \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{key frame systems}} & important frames (keyframes); start and end; intermediate frames \seqsplit{(tweening/in-betweening)} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Bitmap animation}} & manipulating pixels/blocks (Frame-buffer animation) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{UNIT 5 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Design of Animation Sequences}} & outline the storyboard or script.\{\{nl\}\}define motion sequence, objects, and keyframe positions. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{motion specification}} & define how objects move and transform over time; paths, kinematics, dynamics \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{HSV preferred over RGB when selecting hue, brightness and vibrancy}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RGB to YIQ}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Y=0.299R+0.587G+0.114B} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{I=0.5959R−0.2746G−0.3213B}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{Q=0.2115R−0.5227G+0.3112B}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Advantages of YIQ}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. Bandwidth efficiency & more for Y; less for I \& Q \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
2. Monochrome compatibility & Y carries brightness \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. Perceptual separation & matches human vision \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
4. Reduced interference & improved signal quality (separating luminance \& chrominance) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.14011 cm} x{2.83689 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HSV}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{H (Hue): Base color (0°–360°) \{\{nl\}\}S (Saturation): Color intensity (0–100\%) \{\{nl\}\}V (Value): Brightness (0–100\%)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Steps for Palette Creation}} & Step 1 – Choose Fixed Hue\{\{nl\}\}Step 2 – Vary Saturation\{\{nl\}\}Step 3 – Vary Value\{\{nl\}\}Step 4 – Generate Color Grid/Matrix \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CMY to RGB}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Red (R) = M + Y \{\{nl\}\}Green (G) = C + Y \{\{nl\}\}Blue (B) = C + M & C absorbs Red \{\{nl\}\}M absorbs Green \{\{nl\}\}Y absorbs Blue \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{mixing two primary colors subtracts two wavelengths of light, leaving only the color perceived as their overlap (a secondary color: R, G, or B).} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{works by absorbing light}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of light}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Wavelength: defines hue (color) \{\{nl\}\}Intensity: defines brightness  \{\{nl\}\}Additive Nature: combines to form white → basis for RGB} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Impact on RGB}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Structure}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Based on Red, Green, Blue (human cone sensitivity)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Represented as a 3D color cube} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Operation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Additive mixing: R+G+B=white; (0,0,0)=black} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{varying intensity values (0–255)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Directly used in display devices (monitors, TVs)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Raster and Keyframe animation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Raster Animation}} & {\bf{Key-Frame Animation}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Definition: Frame-by-frame images & Definition: Store key frames, generate in-betweens \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Data Structures: Bitmap frames, frame buffer & Data Structures: Key frames, control points, interpolation (linear/spline) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Process: Each frame stored and displayed sequentially & Process: Interpolate intermediate frames between key frames \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Storage: high & Storage: low \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Motion realism: exact & Motion realism: smooth \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Editing: Difficult & Editing Easy: \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Short, detailed animations & Long animations with smooth motion \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chromaticity diagram}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Represents Visible Color Range}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2D slice, 3D color plane; isolate hue and saturation} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{horseshoe-shaped boundary; pure spectral colors} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{line of purples: non-spectral colors (mistures; connects red + blue)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Interior = all visible color combinations} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Meaning of Points}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Each point = specific color (hue (angle) + saturation (distance from center)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Center → white/gray (achromatic)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Boundary points = maximum saturation for that hue} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{lines between points - mixture} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Placement of Primary Colors}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Primaries (RGB) are fixed points inside diagram (not at extremes; form a triangle)} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{triangle formed shows color gamut (subset colors)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Limitations:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Limited gamut (triangle ≠ full diagram)   \{\{nl\}\}Primaries not at extremes   \{\{nl\}\}Cannot represent all visible colors} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{fig. 1}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/racheleva_1777358120_Screenshot 2026-04-28 120344.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Keyframe vs. Procedural}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Keyframe}} & {\bf{Procedural}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Control: High (artistic, stylized motion) & Control: Limited (function-driven) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Realism: Depends on animator & Realism: High (follows physics) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Computation: Low runtime, high manual effort & Computation: Higher runtime, easy parameter changes \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
more control/style & less control/style \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Best for stylized animation & Best for realistic motion \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.63781 cm} x{2.33919 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HLS vs. HSV}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{HLS}} & {\bf{HSV}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Uses Lightness (L) & Uses Value (V) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pure color at L = 50\% & Pure color at V = 100\% \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
L controls brightness + contrast clearly & Less intuitive for contrast control \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{HLS : better for harmony (consistent palette), contrast + more reliable \newline HLS is more logical and error-proof for UI design due to better control over lightness and contrast}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Squash \& Stretch}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Idea:}} Deform mesh based on velocity \& impact, not uniform scaling} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Algorithm}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Step 1 – Calculate Deformation Axis & normalized velocity vector \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Step 2 – Determine Deformation Magnitude: & scalar factor from object's speed (impact - sudden velocity change) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Step 3 – Apply Volume-Preserving Deformation: & Scale along axis by k, others by 1/√k → volume preserved \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{At impact → use surface normal} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Parameters}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Mesh vertices; Velocity; Impact normal; Deformation factor (k); Damping/stiffness} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Mathematical foundation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{affine transformations; volume conservation} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{directional scaling matrix} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{spring-damper model} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}