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\author{sophysicsss (quatumgirl03)}
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  /Title (environmental-science.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (sophysicsss (quatumgirl03))
  /Subject (Environmental Science Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Environmental Science Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{sophysicsss (quatumgirl03)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/174651/cs/42391/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}sophysicsss (quatumgirl03) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/quatumgirl03} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 14th February, 2024.\\
   Updated 14th February, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Environment}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.83689 cm} x{2.14011 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Environmentalism}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A social movement dedicated to protecting the earth's life support systems for us and other species.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Key principles and goals of environmentalism include: & Conservation \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Sustainability \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Pollution Prevention \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Climate Action \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Environmental Justice \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Public Awareness and Education \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biodiversity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It encompasses the diversity of species of plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms, as well as the genetic diversity within each species and the variety of ecosystems and habitats in which they live.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ecology}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ecosystem}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biotic}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It refers to the living components or factors of an ecosystem.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{These include all living organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms that interact with each other and with their environment.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Play essential roles in ecosystem functioning, including energy production, nutrient cycling, and maintaining ecological balance.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Abiotic}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{refers to the non-living components or factors of an ecosystem.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{These are physical and chemical factors that influence the structure and function of ecosystems but do not involve living organisms.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Abiotic factors play crucial roles in shaping the environment, determining the distribution and abundance of species, and regulating ecosystem processes.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ex. climate, geology, soil, water, light and atmosphere.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biogeochemical cycles}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Pathways through which nutrients and other elements move through the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of Earth's ecosystems.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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Examples & Carbon Cycle \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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 & Nitrogen Cycle \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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 & Phosphorus Cycle \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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 & Water Cycle \tn 
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% Row 6
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 & Sulfur Cycle \tn 
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% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{They play critical roles in regulating nutrient availability, supporting ecosystem functioning, and sustaining life on Earth.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Producers}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Organisms that make their own food.% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Niche}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It describes how an organism meets its needs for survival and reproduction, including its habitat requirements, resource use, behavior, and ecological relationships.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Habitat}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Community}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{All the different populations that live together in an area.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Consumers}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Consumers can be broadly categorized into different groups based on their feeding habits and position in the food chain: & Primary Consumers (Herbivores) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Secondary Consumers (Carnivores) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Tertiary Consumers (apex predators) \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Population}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It  refers to a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same geographic area and interbreed, producing offspring.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It is one of the fundamental units of ecological study and is characterized by its size, density, distribution, age structure, and genetic composition.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Individual}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A single organism.% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Decomposers (saprophytes)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Eat organisms that are already dead or the waste products of the living.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Play a vital role in breaking down dead organic matter into simpler substances, such as nutrients and minerals, and returning them to the environment.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Example: bacteria, fungi, certain types of protists, and invertebrates such as earthworms, millipedes, and beetles.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Forest}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{An ecosystem characterized by land dominated by trees.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Marine ecosystem}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{An ecosystem found in oceans, seas, and gulfs where the water has a salt content of at least 3.5\%.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fresh-water ecosystem}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{An ecosystem that is classified as having lakes, ponds, rivers, or streams, but can include a variety of habitats.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Food chain}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a linear sequence of organisms, each of which serves as a source of food or energy for the next organism in the sequence.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It represents the flow of energy and nutrients through an ecosystem.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Composed of primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumers, quaternary consumers, and so on.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{also include decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, which break down dead organic matter and return nutrients to the soil, completing the nutrient cycle.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Food web}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{More complex and interconnected representation of the feeding relationships within an ecosystem compared to a simple linear food chain.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Multiple food chains are interconnected, showing the network of feeding relationships between different species.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It accounts for the fact that most organisms in an ecosystem feed on multiple species and are themselves consumed by multiple predators. This complexity reflects the diverse interactions and interdependencies that exist within ecosystems.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eutrophication}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pollution}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Release of harmful materials into the environment.% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pollutants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Harmful substances in the air, water, or soil.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{are substances or agents that contaminate the environment and cause adverse effects on living organisms, ecosystems, and the environment as a whole.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Air pollution}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The contamination of the atmosphere by the introduction of pollutants from human and natural sources.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ozone layer}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Protective layer in atmosphere that shields earth from UV radiation.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbon monoxide}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels such as gasoline, natural gas, coal, wood, and oil.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It is often referred to as the "silent killer" because it is difficult to detect without special equipment, and exposure to high levels of carbon monoxide can be deadly.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbon dioxide}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds and by respiration. It is naturally present in air (about 0.03 percent) and is absorbed by plants in photosynthesis.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chloroflourocarbons}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Widely used, man-made chemical that destroys stratospheric ozone and lasts a long time in the stratosphere.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lead}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A toxic metal that is harmful to human health and the environment. It is found naturally in the earth's crust and can be released into the environment through human activities such as mining, smelting, and refining.% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ozone}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A form of oxygen that has three oxygen atoms in each molecule instead of the usual two.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Found both in the Earth's upper atmosphere (stratosphere) and at ground level (troposphere).} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Forms a protective layer known as the ozone layer, which absorbs the majority of the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Formed through complex chemical reactions involving sunlight, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from sources such as vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and chemical solvents.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Produced from humans by vehicle emissions, contributes to photochemical smog and acid rain. It is also referred as brown gas.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It can also be produced by natural sources such as wildfires and lightning can also contribute to NO2 emissions.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Particulate matter}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter that remains individually dispersed in gas or liquid emissions (usually considered to be an atmospheric pollutant).} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{PM10 (particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less) and PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It can originate from both natural and human-made sources.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Natural sources include dust, pollen, sea salt, and particles from wildfires and volcanic eruptions.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Human-made sources include emissions from vehicles, industrial processes, construction activities, agricultural practices, and burning of fossil fuels.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sulfur dioxide}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A colorless, corrosive gas directly damaging to both plants and animals.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sulfur dioxide is produced primarily by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, in power plants and industrial facilities. It is also emitted during volcanic eruptions and some natural processes.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{When released into the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide can react with other compounds to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4), contributing to acid rain.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Volatile Organic Compounds}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Abbreviated VOCs; compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile).} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ex.  benzene, formaldehyde, toluene, and xylene, among many others.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It can be found in paints, solvents, cleaning agents, fuels, and building materials, as well as in outdoor air pollutants such as vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It causes formation of ground-level ozone and smog} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Water Pollution}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The contamination of streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, or groundwater with substances produced through human activities.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Land Pollution}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The contamination of land by both solid and hazardous waste.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nuclear Pollution}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sometimes also referred to as radioactive contamination. It is the deposition or presence of radioactive materials within solids, liquids, gases, or on surfaces.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Radioactivity}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The spontaneous emission of radiation from a nuclear reaction. It can be alpha, beta, or gamma decay, and it has different units and modes.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Noise Pollution}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Type of pollution characterized by unwanted or potentially damaging sound.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alpha Particles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Positively charged particles with about four times the mass of a hydrogen atom} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Are a type of ionizing radiation, consisting of two protons and two neutrons, essentially a helium nucleus. They are relatively large and heavy compared to other types of radiation, such as beta particles and gamma rays.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Alpha particles are commonly emitted during the radioactive decay of certain heavy elements, such as uranium and radium.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Have low penetrating power and can be stopped by a sheet of paper or the outer layers of skin.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Beta Particle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A high-speed electron or positron emitted in the decay of a radioactive isotope.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It can penetrate materials such as paper and skin, but they can be stopped by denser materials like aluminum or plastic.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{During beta decay, a neutron in the nucleus of an atom is transformed into a proton and either an electron (β-) or a positron (β+). The electron or positron is ejected from the nucleus at high speed, carrying away energy.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gamma Rays}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{High-energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Highly penetrating and can travel through most materials, including human tissue.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Produced by certain nuclear reactions, such as the decay of radioactive isotopes, nuclear fission, or fusion processes.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Half-life}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a substance to decay into a different element or isotope.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{For example, if you have a sample of a radioactive substance with a half-life of 10 years, after 10 years, half of the radioactive atoms in the sample will have decayed into a different element or isotope, and after another 10 years, half of the remaining radioactive atoms will have decayed, and so on.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Different radioactive elements and isotopes have different half-lives, ranging from fractions of a second to billions of years.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Becquerel}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Unit that measures the rate at which a sample of radioactive material decays; 1 Bq = decay of 1 atom or nucleus per second.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Radiation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It is a natural phenomenon that exists throughout the universe and comes in various forms, including electromagnetic radiation (such as light, radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, and gamma rays) and particulate radiation (such as alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons).} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It can be classified into two main types based on its effect on atoms: ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Radiation is produced by natural sources such as the sun, cosmic rays, and radioactive elements in the Earth's crust, as well as human-made sources such as X-ray machines, nuclear power plants, and nuclear weapons.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Radioactive Pollution}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The release of radioactive substances or high-energy particles into the air, water, or earth as a result of human activity.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}