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\author{sophysicsss (quatumgirl03)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (anatomy-and-physiology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (sophysicsss (quatumgirl03))
  /Subject (Anatomy and Physiology Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Anatomy and Physiology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{sophysicsss (quatumgirl03)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/174651/cs/42626/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}sophysicsss (quatumgirl03) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/quatumgirl03} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 5th March, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{WHAT IS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY?}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Anatomy and physiology are two related biology disciplines that study the structure and function of body parts and the body as a whole. Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts, their organization, and their identity. Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and their interactions within a living system.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Subdivision of Anatomy}}  \tn
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Surface Anatomy & the study of form and  markings of the body structure explored  through visualization without any cutting. \tn 
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Gross Anatomy & the study of the anatomical  structures visible to unaided eye. The gross  dissection proceeds through cutting after  making surface marking. \tn 
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\seqsplit{Developmental} Anatomy & the study of the fertilized egg  developing into its adult form. \tn 
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Cytology & the study of cells \tn 
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Histology & the study of tissues \tn 
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Pathology & the study of anatomical changes due to disease \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION}}  \tn
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Cell & basic unit of structure and function in all living things. \tn 
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Tissues & group of similar cells carrying out similar or related functions. \tn 
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Organ & collections of tissues grouped together performing a common functions. \tn 
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Organ System & group of organ working together to perform a specific function for the organism. \tn 
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Organism & any living thing. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ㅤ}}  \tn
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{\bf{Single-celled organism}} & an organism made up of only one cell; organelles carry out life functions. Ex. Amoeba \tn 
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% Row 1
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{\bf{Multi-cellular organism}} & made up of many different types of cells; organ system carry out life functions. Ex. Human \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Life}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{is the sum total of all bodily activities of an  organism} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{is a characteristic that distinguishes physical  entities that have biological processes from  those that do not have.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of Life}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{1.Responsiveness} & ability of sense change and react \tn 
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2. Movement & change in position of an  organism \tn 
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3. \seqsplit{Reproduction} & process of making a new  organism \tn 
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4. \seqsplit{Respiration} & the process of getting oxygen \tn 
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5. Growth & an increase in body size \tn 
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6. Digestion & complex material changes \tn 
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7. Absorption & the passage of a substance through a membrane \tn 
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8. \seqsplit{Assimilation} & putting molecules together to make a more complex substances \tn 
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9. \seqsplit{Circulation} & movement of material \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Major Needs of Organism}}  \tn
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1. Water & Most abundant substance in the  body \tn 
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2. Food & Provides  energy for body \tn 
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4. Heat & we get heat from muscle activity Normal temp-98.6 °F or 37 °C \tn 
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5. \seqsplit{Pressure} & a. Hydrostatic pressure- example would be the blood moving under the pressure of the heart 120/80 is normal \tn 
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 & b. Atmospheric pressure- comes from the air around us and allows us to breath \tn 
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\seqsplit{Integumentary} system & skin and anything in skin protects. The skin is your largest organ. \tn 
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Skeletal system & bones support, protect and make blood cells. \tn 
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Muscular system & move the body and produces heat \tn 
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Nervous system & brain, spinal cord, and nerves…helps you to communicate \tn 
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Endocrine system & made up of hormones and glands-hormones affect target cell Example of endocrine glands are pancreas, thyroid, and  adrenalin gland \tn 
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Digestive system & breaks down food stomach, intestine, liver and gall bladder \tn 
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Respiratory system & intake and output of  gases…lungs \tn 
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Circulatory system & transports gases, nutrients, and other things…heart and  blood vessels \tn 
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Lymphatic system & cleans up lymph fluid…spleen and lymph nodes \tn 
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Urinary system & gets rid of waste kidney, ureters, and urethra \tn 
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Reproductive system & produces offspring testes and uterus \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anatomical Terms}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Superior} & above \tn 
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\seqsplit{Inferior} & below \tn 
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\seqsplit{Anterior} & toward the front \tn 
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\seqsplit{Posterior} & toward the back \tn 
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Medial & close to the midline of  body \tn 
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Lateral & toward sides of body \tn 
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\seqsplit{Proximal} & closer to the point of attachment \tn 
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Distal & further away from the point of  attachment \tn 
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\seqsplit{Superficial} & near the surface \tn 
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Deep & internal \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vertebral Cavity}}  \tn
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Vertebral cavity contains three cavities & 1. Thoracic cavity- which is the chest cavity contains heart and lungs (Diaphragm separates thoracic and  abdominal) \tn 
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 & 2. Abdominal cavity- contains stomach, liver,  pancreas, intestines, gall bladder, and  spleen \tn 
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 & 3. Pelvic cavity- contains bladder and uterus \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dorsal Cavities}}  \tn
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Dorsal cavity contains two cavities & 1.Cranial (skull)- brain \tn 
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% Row 1
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 & 2.Vertebral (spinal)- spinal cord \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Body Cavities}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709567630_Screenshot 2024-03-04 235251.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tissue}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A tissue is defined as a group of cells, organized to perform a specific function.} \tn 
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Types of Tissues & 1. Epithelial Tissue \tn 
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 & 2. Connective Tissue \tn 
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 & 3. Muscle Tissue \tn 
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 & 4. Nerve Tissue \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Connective Tissue}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{binds and supports body parts} \tn 
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\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Three Components of Connective Tissue}} & Specialized Cells \tn 
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 & Protein Fibers: elastin \& collagen \tn 
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 & Ground Substance: non-cellular material separating cells \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{border=1\}\}{\bf{Types of Connective Tissue}}} \tn 
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1. Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue & \{\{fa-check\}\} contains fibroblast \tn 
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 & \{\{fa-check\}\} Matrix: ground substance + fibers \tn 
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 & \{\{fa-check\}\} Protective covering for muscles, blood vessels, nerves \tn 
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2. Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue & \{\{fa-check\}\} collagen fibers packed together \tn 
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 & \{\{fa-check\}\} Tendons: connect muscle to bone \tn 
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 & \{\{fa-check\}\} Ligaments: connect bone to bone \tn 
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% Row 11
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3. Fibrous Connective Tissue & \{\{fa-check\}\} Adipose Tissue- cells stores fat \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Connective Tissue (cont)}}  \tn
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 & \{\{fa-check\}\} Found under the skin, around kidneys and heart \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{4. Supportive Connective Tissue} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Cartilage} \tn 
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 & \{\{fa-check\}\} solid and flexible \tn 
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 & \{\{fa-check\}\} cells located in chambers-lacunae \tn 
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Types of Cartilage & a. Elastic cartilage- elastin fibers, more flexible and located in the outer ear \tn 
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 & b. Hyaline cartilage- most common and contains fine collagen fibers. It is located in the nose, ends of long bones and ribs, walls of respiratory passages. \tn 
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 & c. Fibrocartilage- strong collagen fibers located in between vertebrae and in knee joint. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Bone} \tn 
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 & \{\{fa-check\}\} solid, rigid matrix of calcium salts arond collagen fibers \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Connective Tissue (cont)}}  \tn
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 & \{\{fa-check\}\} in compact bone, cells are located in spaces between rings of matrix \tn 
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Types of Bone & a. Compact bone \tn 
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 & c. Spongy bone \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{5. Fluid Connective Tissue} \tn 
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Liquid matrix=plasma & \{\{fa-check\}\} dissolved substances, eg. gases and ions \tn 
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 & \{\{fa-check\}\} suspended substances, eg. proteins \tn 
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Formed elements: cells and cell fragments & \{\{fa-check\}\} Red blood cells - transport oxygen \tn 
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 & \{\{fa-check\}\} White blood cells - fight infection \tn 
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 & \{\{fa-check\}\} Platelets - cell fragments that aid in blood clotting \tn 
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Liquid matrix=lymphatic fluid & contains white blood cells \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hemapoietic}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Blood making} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Hematopoietic refers to the formation of blood cells. Hematopoiesis is the process through which the body manufactures blood cells. It occurs within the hematopoietic system, which includes organs and tissues such as the bone marrow, liver, and spleen.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Epithelial Tissue}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Epithelial tissue is a thin tissue that covers all the exposed surfaces of the body. It has different functions, such as protection, absorption, secretion and movement of substances.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The cells making up epithelia are often closely bound to one another through specialized structures called tight junctions.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Classification of Epithelial Tissue}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Squamous & flattened cells \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Simple & one layer \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Pseudostratified} & appears  as multiple layers \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Stratified & multiple layers \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Cuboidal & cube-shaped cells \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Columnar & elongated cells \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscular Tissue}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Cells are called {\emph{muscle fibers}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Cells contain protein filaments called {\emph{actin}} and {\emph{myosin}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Types of Muscular Tissue}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
a. Skeletal Muscle & \{\{fa-check\}\} voluntary \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} striation and nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
b. Smooth Muscle & \{\{fa-check\}\} Involuntary \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} cell and nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
c. Cardiac Muscle & \{\{fa-check\}\} Involuntary \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ㅤ}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709567530_Screenshot 2024-03-04 235033.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.19448 cm} x{3.78252 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nerve Tissue}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Neurons & conduct nerve impulses \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Neuroglia} & support and nourish  neurons \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ㅤ}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709566345_Screenshot 2024-03-04 232953.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Integumentary System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, and nails, provides protection, sensations, thermoregulation, and allows sunlight for vitamin D synthesis.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Epidermis}} is the outermost and thinnest layer of the skin. It protects the body from harm, keeps the body hydrated, produces new skin cells and contains melanin, which determines the color of the skin.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The Four Layers of Epidermis & \{\{fa-check\}\} {\emph{stratum basale}} - the deepest layer of your epidermis. New skin cells develop in this layer. It also contains the keratinocyte stem cells, which produce the protein keratin. It also contains melanocytes, which are responsible for producing melanin, which provides the pigment of your epidermis. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 14)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} {\emph{stratum spinosum}} - This layer mostly consists of keratinocytes held together by sticky proteins called desmosomes. The stratum spinosum helps make the skin flexible and strong. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Integumentary System (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} {\emph{stratum granulosum}} - Keratinocytes have granules within them, which are visible under a microscope in this layer. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} {\emph{stratum lucidum}} - It's a thin, transparent layer of keratinocytes that are becoming less round and have a flatter shape. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} {\emph{stratum corneum}} - the top layer of the epidermis. This is where keratinocytes become corneocytes. Corneocytes are strong, dead keratinocytes that protect you from harm, including abrasions, light, heat and pathogens. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 11)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Dermis}} is a vital layer containing blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and various receptors that allow us to sense touch, pain, and light.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hypodermis}}, or subcutaneous layer, provides insulation and padding with its abundance of connective tissue and fat cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Accessory Structures}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709600624_Screenshot 2024-03-05 090111.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ㅤ}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709601729_Screenshot 2024-03-05 090134.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Skeletal System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Functions of the Skeletal  System} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Supports the body} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Protects soft body parts} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Produces blood cells} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Stores minerals and fat} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Permits flexible body movement} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Tissues of the Skeletal System} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Bone}} cells= osteocytes & {\emph{compact bone}} - dense matrix of  salts (calcium phosphate) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{spongy bone}} - thin plates with  open spaces \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{bone marrow}} - red: produces blood cells, yellow: stores fat \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Cartilage}}  \seqsplit{cells=chondrocytes} & {\emph{hyaline}} - firm yet flexible. At ends of long bones,  ribs, in nose \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{fibrocartilage}} - strong for support. Found in knee and disks between vertebrae \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{elastic cartilage}} - most flexible and found in ear flaps \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Fibrous connective  tissue}} & {\emph{periosteum}} - covers long bones. It contains blood and  lymphatic vessels,  nerves \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Skeletal System (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{ligaments}} - connect bone to bone \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{tendons}} - connect muscles to  bones at joints \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cells Involved in Bone Growth and  Repair}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709602980_Screenshot 2024-03-05 093954.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bone Development and Growth}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Bone formation = & ossification \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\{\{fa-check\}\} Bones of the skull form by Intramembranous ossification & Bones develop between sheets of fibrous tissue \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{fa-check\}\}Most bones form by Endochondral  ossification & Cartilage models are formed first \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & At ossification centers, cartilage is gradually  replaced by bone \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endochondral Ossification}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709604689_Screenshot 2024-03-05 101043.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Axial Skeleton: Midline of the  Body}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709605857_Screenshot 2024-03-05 103008.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bones of the Skull}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709605602_Screenshot 2024-03-05 102546.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The skull is divided into cranial and facial bones, with sutures connecting them. It also contains foramina for nerves and vessels, as well as ear and nasal cavities and orbits for the eyes.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Vertebral Column}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709605801_Screenshot 2024-03-05 102913.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The vertebral column is a flexible structure supporting the skull to the pelvis. It consists of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx vertebrae, with intervertebral discs acting as shock absorbers.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Rib Cage}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709606322_Screenshot 2024-03-05 103527.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The thoracic cage, made up of the sternum and ribs, protects the organs in the chest and supports respiration.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Appendicular Skeleton}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709606660_Screenshot 2024-03-05 103941.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles and the Limbs}} \newline It consists of the bones of the limbs (or appendages), and the bones that attach the limbs to the rest of the body. It includes a total of 126 bones, including those in the arms, legs, and shoulder and pelvic girdle bones. \newline  \newline The pectoral and pelvic girdles attach the upper and lower limbs to the axial skeleton. The pectoral girdle has the clavicle and scapula, while the pelvic girdle consists of the hip bones.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bones of Pectoral Girdle, Arm,  Hand}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709606752_Screenshot 2024-03-05 104510.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bones of Pelvic Girdle, Leg, Foot}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709606890_Screenshot 2024-03-05 104614.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The bones in the lower limb are thicker and sturdier, allowing for effective running and jumping. The foot has tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges similar to the hand.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Knee Joint}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709607301_Screenshot 2024-03-05 105414.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Joints play a crucial role in the movement and stability of the skeleton. Ligaments and intervertebral discs help connect and support the bones in the spine.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Joints: Articulations between  Bones}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Fibrous joints: immovable} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Cartilaginous} joints & \{\{fa-check\}\} connected by hyaline or  fibrocartilage cartilage \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} slightly movable \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Synovial joints & \{\{fa-check\}\} separate the bones by a cavity \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} freely movable \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} Hinge \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} Ball-and-socket \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Movements Permitted by Synovial  Joints}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709607426_Screenshot 2024-03-05 105535.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Arthritis}} & is a broad term for joint inflammation, with various forms like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It causes constant joint pain and damage. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Gout}} & is characterized by the deposition of uric acid crystals in joints, leading to swelling, loss of function, and severe pain. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Myasthenia gravis}} & is an autoimmune disease that affects muscle strength and causes fatigue. It primarily affects eye muscles and may lead to difficulty swallowing and slurred speech. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Muscular dystrophy}} & refers to a group of genetic disorders that progressively weaken muscles, impairing locomotion. It primarily affects skeletal muscles. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Tetany}} & is the involuntary contraction of muscles due to low calcium levels. Muscle cramps and spasms are long-lasting and painful. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Osteoporosis}} & is a condition where bone mineral density decreases, resulting in fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures, especially in postmenopausal women. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Aging, lack of exercise, and family history are significant risk factors for these disorders. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial.  \newline  \newline \{\{fa-check\}\} These conditions lead to joint inflammation, muscle weakness, decreased mobility, and increased fracture risk.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.68758 cm} x{2.28942 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscular System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Skeletal muscle - the only organ of the muscular  system} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Skeletal muscle is composed of skeletal muscle tissue  and also contains nervous tissue, blood vessels and  connective tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Half of the body's weight is muscle tissue & – Skeletal muscle = 40\% in males \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & – 32\% in females \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & – Cardiac muscle = 10\% \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Muscles are excitable, contractable, extensible, and elastic. They can adapt and change based on usage.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{There are five types of muscle movements: adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, and rotation.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The muscular system consists of over 600 muscles with various functions and properties.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions of the Muscular System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Supports the body} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Makes the bones move} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Helps maintain constant body  temperature} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Assists movement in cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Helps protect internal organs and  stabilize joints} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Three Types of Muscular Tissue}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709616002_Screenshot 2024-03-05 131915.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ㅤ}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709616224_Screenshot 2024-03-05 132239.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Most are attached by tendons to bones} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Cells are multinucleate} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Striated – have visible banding} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Voluntary – subject to conscious control} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Allow for movement, facial expressions, breathing,  swallowing, writing, talking and singing, posture, heat  production, joint stability} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.63781 cm} x{2.33919 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Skeletal Muscle Attachments}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{fa-check\}\} Epimysium blends into a connective  tissue attachment & Tendon – cord-like structure \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Aponeuroses – sheet-like structure \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{fa-check\}\} Sites of muscle attachment & Bones \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Cartilages \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Connective tissue coverings \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of Smooth Muscle}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709617159_Screenshot 2024-03-05 133559.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cardiac Muscle Characteristics}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709617093_Screenshot 2024-03-05 133727.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Cell Type}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. skeletal (or voluntary/striated) muscle & the most abundant tissue in the human body, producing movement. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2. smooth (or visceral) muscle & forming the muscle layers in the walls of the digestive tract, bladder, various ducts, arteries and veins, and other internal organs. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. cardiac (or heart) muscle & a cross between the smooth and  striated muscles, comprising the heart tissue. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of Skeletal Muscle}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709617761_Screenshot 2024-03-05 134826.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Four Different Connective Tissue Coverings}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. Deep fascia & Surrounds entire skeletal  muscle and extends beyond  its length \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2. \seqsplit{Perimysium} & Surrounds each  fascicle \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. Epimysium & Closely surrounds skeletal  muscle, binds fascicles  together \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
4. \seqsplit{Endomysium} & Surrounds each muscle  fiber (cell) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ㅤ}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Fascicles are arranged bundles of skeletal muscle fibers (cells). Fascicles are bound by connective tissue.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ㅤ}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709618215_Screenshot 2024-03-05 135604.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Specialized Organelles of Skeletal Muscle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)}} & \{\{fa-check\}\} a type of ER. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} Surrounds each myofibril, running parallel to it. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} Stores calcium, when stimulated, calcium diffuses into sarcoplasm. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Transverse Tubules (TT)}} & \{\{fa-check\}\} Extends into sarcoplasm as invaginations continuous with  sarcolemma \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} T tubules run between cisternae of SR \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} Filled with extracellular fluid \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{fa-check\}\} Cisternae of SR and TT form a triad near where thick and  thin filaments overlap \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Skeletal Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Motor Neuron}} & Nerve cell that innervates skeletal muscle tissue \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Dendrite}} & Receives information \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Axon}} & Transmits information \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Has vesicles containing  neurotransmitter that will  stimulate or inhibit muscle  contraction \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Neuromuscular Junction}} & Site where branch of motor  neuron (motor nerve ending) comes in contact with  sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fiber \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A type of synapse \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Muscle contraction}} occurs through a complex process involving sarcomeres, action potentials, and the neuromuscular junction. The sliding filament model of contraction explains how myosin and actin interact to produce muscle movement. The process is initiated by a signal from the nervous system, which triggers the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. This leads to depolarization and the generation of an action potential, causing calcium ions to be released and allowing for the interaction of myofilaments. The myosin heads bind to actin, resulting in the sliding of filaments and muscle contraction. Once calcium levels deplete, the muscle fiber relaxes. Understanding these basic concepts is important before delving into more detailed aspects of muscle contraction.} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 16)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of the Sarcomere}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709619271_Screenshot 2024-03-05 141336.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Muscle has light and dark bands (striations) corresponding to the placement of myofilaments in the sarcomere. \newline Sarcomere exists from Z-line to Z-line \newline • A-Band is dark middle band \newline – Overlapping think and thin filaments \newline • I-Band – ends of A-Band, thin filaments only \newline • Z-line is in the middle if the I-Band \newline • Myosin filaments are held to the Z-line by titin proteins}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Contraction in the Sarcomere}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709619913_Screenshot 2024-03-05 142419.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• A band stays the same  \newline • I band gets smaller \newline • H zone gets smaller \newline • Sarcomere shortens}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709620006_Screenshot 2024-03-05 142527.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sliding Filament Theory}} \newline • Sarcomere is the functional unit of skeletal muscle \newline • When a skeletal muscle contracts, sarcomeres shorten \newline • This is described by the sliding filament theory}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sliding Filament Theory}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709620194_Screenshot 2024-03-05 142841.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Sarcomeres shorten because thick and thin filaments slide past one another  \newline • Thin filaments move towards the center of the sarcomere from both ends}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Whole Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709620290_Screenshot 2024-03-05 143027.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Energy for  Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709620477_1.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Skeletal Muscles Work in Pairs}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709620690_Screenshot 2024-03-05 143458.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Muscles contract (shorten) or relax \newline • Muscle contraction pulls on an attached bone  \newline • Prime mover = muscle doing the most work \newline • Synergists = muscles assisting prime mover \newline • Antagonist = muscle with action opposite to prime mover}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ways to Name Muscles}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709620752_Screenshot 2024-03-05 143801.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Slow-and-Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709621038_Screenshot 2024-03-05 144205.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nervous System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Functions of Nervous System}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Transmission of signals for communication, regulation and coordination of body systems} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Sensing the world (vision, hearing,  taste, smell, and touch} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Neurons}} - The functional unit of the  nervous system is the nerve  cell & They send  electrochemical  messages around the  body \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Glial cells}} provide support  and protection for neurons \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of a Neuron}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709623987_Screenshot 2024-03-05 153201.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parts of Nerve Cell}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Dendrites}} & receive chemical signals from  neighboring cells. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Cell Body}} & contains the nucleus \& organelles \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Axon}} & long extension that carries electrical  messages away from the body to the terminal  axons \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Terminal Axons}} & passes the signal to the  next cell. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Myelin sheath}} & Protective covering for axon \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ㅤ}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709624182_Screenshot 2024-03-05 153530.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Neurons}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709624320_Screenshot 2024-03-05 153746.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{3 main types of neurons:}} \newline Sensory neuron = detect stimuli \newline Interneurons = relay sensory signals to brain then return message back to motor neurons. \newline Motor neuron = pass message from brain to rest of body for muscle response \newline  This coordinated pathway is known as the REFLEX ARC}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reflex Arc}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{"What happens when you step on a nail?"}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} Reflexes are automatic} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} The Stimulus (nail ) is received by  the sensory neurons in the foot} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} This info travels to the spine,  where the interneuron is  triggered} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{fa-check\}\} The interneuron transmits signal  to brain (through the spinal  cord)and carries message back  and stimulates the motor neuron,  to move the foot} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nerve Impulse}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A progressive wave of electric and  chemical activity along a nerve fiber that  stimulates or inhibits the action of a  muscle, gland, or other nerve cell} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{This is how the information moves from sensory  neurons to interneuron to motor neurons} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transmission of Nerve Impulse Along a Neuron}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709625260_Screenshot 2024-03-05 155320.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ Involves a change in charge across the neuron's membrane, caused by the movement of ions \newline  Action Potential = rapid depolarization and repolarization of membrane}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Resting Potential Depends on Ionic Gradients}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709625408_Screenshot 2024-03-05 155412.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Inside:}} \newline • Potassium ions are pumped into cell  \newline • Large organic molecules cannot pass through membrane \newline  \newline {\bf{Outside:}}  \newline •Sodium ions are pumped out  \newline •Chloride ions found in extra-cellular fluid}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Action Potential}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709625649_Screenshot 2024-03-05 155645.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.53827 cm} x{2.43873 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transmission of Nerve Impulses Between Neurons}}  \tn
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{\bf{Signal}} is carried by  neurotransmitters that  diffuse across the space  between neurons. & {\emph{Synapse:}} junction between neurons \tn 
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 & {\emph{Synaptic cleft:}} space between neurons \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Neurotransmitters}} bind to receptors on next neuron, opening ion channels} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure and Operation of the Synapse}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709625875_Screenshot 2024-03-05 160328.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transmission Between Neurons}}  \tn
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Neurotransmitters can be & \{\{fa-check\}\} Excitatory: initiate action potential - Acetylcholine \tn 
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 & \{\{fa-check\}\} Inhibitory: prevent action potential - Dopamine \tn 
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After acting on the post-synaptic neuron,  neurotransmitters are removed from the  synaptic cleft & \seqsplit{Acetylcholinesterase} breaks down acetylcholine \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ㅤ}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/quatumgirl03_1709626130_Screenshot 2024-03-05 160706.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Neurotransmitters carry signals to  muscle cells to stimulate contraction.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disorders of the Nervous System}}  \tn
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\{\{fa-check\}\} {\bf{Multiple Sclerosis}} & Autoimmune disease leading to breakdown of  neuron myelin sheaths \tn 
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\{\{fa-check\}\} {\bf{Parkinson's Disease}} & Degeneration of neurons that produce dopamine \tn 
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\{\{fa-check\}\} {\bf{Alzheimer's Disease}} & Extensive death of neurons and loss of brain  tissue \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ㅤ}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Neurons}}, the main cells in the nervous system, have an incredible amount of branching within each cell, allowing them to respond to stimuli and transmit electrical impulses over long distances. They are amitotic and can live for a hundred years or more.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Neuroglia, or glial cells}}, are supporting cells in the nervous system that wrap around delicate parts of neurons to provide protection. They do not transmit electrical impulses like neurons but play a crucial role in maintaining the health and functioning of neurons.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Neurons can be classified by their structure or function. Structurally, they can be {\bf{unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar}}, depending on the number of processes extending from the cell body. Functionally, they can be {\bf{sensory, motor, or interneurons}}, depending on the direction of signal transmission.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Neurons have distinct regions: the {\bf{receptive region}} where stimuli are received, the {\bf{trigger zone}} where electrical signals are initiated, the {\bf{conducting region}} where signals travel along the axon, and the {\bf{secretory region}} where neurotransmitters are released at the axon terminals.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The generation of electrical impulses in neurons is dependent on changes in membrane potential and the opening of ion channels. Different types of ion channels, such as {\bf{chemically-gated}} and {\bf{voltage-gated channels}}, allow specific ions to flow in and out of the cell, generating electrical currents.} \tn 
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ㅤ (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The nervous system is composed of the {\bf{central nervous system (CNS)}}, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the {\bf{peripheral nervous system (PNS)}}, which consists of nerves that extend throughout the body. The CNS is the control center where sensory information is integrated and motor outputs are determined and implemented.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The PNS is divided into the {\bf{sensory (afferent)}} division, which sends signals from receptors to the CNS, and the {\bf{motor (efferent)}} division, which sends signals from the CNS to muscles and glands. The motor division is further divided into the {\bf{somatic nervous system (voluntary control)}} and the {\bf{autonomic nervous system (involuntary control)}}, which includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that often have opposing functions.} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}