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\author{prinsam98}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (oculomotor-and-visual-perceptual-a-and-i.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (prinsam98)
  /Subject (Oculomotor \& Visual Perceptual A \& I Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Oculomotor \& Visual Perceptual A \& I Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{prinsam98} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/150950/cs/32735/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}prinsam98 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/prinsam98} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 27th June, 2022.\\
   Updated 27th June, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vision Assessment Overview}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vision Assessment Overview}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Binocular Coordination requires effective… & Smooth pursuits/tracking Saccades Convergence  Divergence Stereopsis/Spatial localization Focal and Ambient Visual Processing- Physiological diplopia \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Binocular Dysfunctions due to BI may results in… & Inadequate gaze stabilization and bifocal fusion Diplopia Suppression (brains response to diplopia) Vergence Insufficiencies (usually convergence) Accommodative Insufficiency (CN III) Visual fatigue due to poor oculomotor control- My eye is starting to sting \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 13)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{A \& I of Oculomotor Dysfunctions}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eye Alignment: Phoria}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Natural positioning of the eye (everyone has phoria)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Tendency is to aim in front (esophoria) or behind (exophoria) the point of focus (convergence)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Fusion is intact} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Depth perception may be intact} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Measured by prism diopters} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Produce subtle symptoms & difficulty concentrating; frontal or temporal headaches; sleepiness or  stinging of eyes after reading \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eye Alignment: Strabismus or Tropia}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Visible turn of one eye (constant, intermittent, alternating between both eyes) & Esotropia: One eye turns in; Exotropia: One eye turns out; Hypertropia: One eye turns up relative to other eye \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Fusion (binocular vision) and depth perception (stereopsis) are not present}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Strabismus or Tropia}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Hypertropia \newline Hypotropia \newline Esotropia}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Oculomotor N. Palsy}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Paralysis of the SR, MR, IR, IO}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Symptoms} & Diplopia;  Extraocular weakness resulting in exotropia; Convergence insufficiency; Ptosis-upper eyelid droops; Photosensitivity (if ciliary ganglion affected); Accommodation insufficiency (if ciliary ganglion affected) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 7)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Oculomotor N. Palsy}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Trochlear N. Palsy (CN IV)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Superior Oblique M. paralysis of the contralateral eye} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Symptoms} & Trauma may result in binocular paralysis; Unable to efficiently complete torsion in (adduction) and down (depression); Hypertropia; Diplopia; Bielschowsky's Head Tilt Test-affected eye with become more hypertropic with head tilt to affected side; eye gaze appears normal with head tilt to non-affected eye side \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 10)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Trochlear N. Palsy (CN IV)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Abducens N. Palsy (CN VI)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Lateral Rectus M. paralysis} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Symptoms}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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Unable to move eye into abduction or laterally toward temporal field of the ipsilateral eye & Diplopia with temporal gaze \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Divergence Insufficiency & Esotropic \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Abducens N. Palsy (CN VI)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Oculomotor Control Testing (Voluntary)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Smooth \seqsplit{pursuits/tracking} & Patient should follow target with eyes in a "T" then "X" pattern \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Saccades & Instruct patient to shift gaze between two targets using eyes only. Move the two targets clockwise, keeping each target on opposite sides of the clock, e.g. 3 \& 9, 1 \& 7, etc. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Convergence & Pencil push up; Brock String \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Divergence & Brock String \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brock String}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Used to train convergence and divergence} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{improves fusion of the eyes and increase peripheral awareness (physiological diplopia)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Can be fatiguing for individuals with diplopia or impaired visual processing} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Can be challenging to understand for individual with cognitive of memory impairments} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Can measure point of convergence and recovery into divergence with yard stick to assess progress and for goal writing - (point of convergence norm is 6-10cm from nose)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diplopia}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Long-term effects result in central vision suppression & peripheral vision remains intact \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Symptoms/signs}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cover or close one eye OR favor one eye over the other & Under/over reaching objects \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Double vision & Under/over reaching objects \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Avoid near activities & Exhibit head tilt or turning during activities \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Oculomotor Interventions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Restoration}} & {\bf{Adaptation}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
SEE Exercises & Pacing Programs (Functional Activity Logs) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Brock String & Binasal Occlusion \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Field Expansion (central peripheral awareness) & Prisms \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Accommodative Flippers} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Computer-based activities} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.16 cm} x{3.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Computer Based Vision Therapy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{PROS}} & {\bf{CONS}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Great for people with good attention for sustained period of time and decent cognition (e.g., mild TBI) & Can be very fatiguing \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Advanced vision therapy option for higher level goals such as driving or return to work & Photosensitivity \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Great for individual who like objective measurements and goals & May be challenging for more severe BI \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Great for "gamers" & {\bf{Seizure contraindications}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Ex: Sanet Vision Integrator, VisionBuilder, Bernell, Youtube}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functional Therapeutic Activities}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Activities may be done in clinic or given as therapeutic home programs:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Speed Typing Tests (several resources online)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Structured Internet Searches (i.e. locating a current event article, read it, and write or type a brief summary)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Car Scans (i.e. locating street signs, speed limit, etc. with or without moving head)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Reading a bed time story to your kiddos} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Scanning and clipping grocery store coupons} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Grocery shopping (i.e. establish a grocery list of 5 items and increase by 2 items each trip)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Send email to therapist every Friday of new activities to add or replace on "functional activity log" for the next week} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Don't Over Do it!}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Goal:}} reduce onset of symptoms of visual fatigue and other symptoms by participating in short spurts over a longer period of time versus long spurts over a short period of time} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Establish a baseline:}} determine length of time an activity occurred resulting in onset of symptoms} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Establish the most effective strategy}} for reducing symptoms (i.e. meditation, laying down in a dark and quiet environment, covering eyes with palm of hands with slight application of pressure)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Establish a "Pacing" Plan:}} terminating or pausing an activity prior to onset of symptoms; then resuming activity after symptoms subside} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Understanding Yoked Prisms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Deviates an images toward its apex} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Eye must also turn toward the apex of the prism in order to remain aligned with the image} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{EX: if one eye has a tendency to turn away from an object due to a muscle imbalance, prism can be prescribed to shift the image in the same direction} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{allows the eye to rotate to a more comfortable position, while still remaining aligned with the image} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pacing Programs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Many individuals with Mild TBI push themselves beyond a point of recovery, which often can leave them "helpless" for hours or even days} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Create a {\bf{"functional activities log"}} or {\bf{"pacing program"}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Tracking specific activities that are perceived triggers for onset of symptoms (i.e. computer or screen-time, reading, scanning for grocery items, eating in a crowded restaurant, riding as a passenger in the car, etc.)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Peripheral Central Awareness Activities}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Increasing awareness of {\bf{physiological diplopia and peripheral fields}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How do prisms help?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Shifting the image allows for increased comfort improving eye fusion} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{increases of expands peripheral awareness improving visual field loss and ambient visual processing} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Diplopia may be eliminated} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Alters the persons perception of reality improving midline shifts} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Typically used in conjunction with vision therapy and functional activities} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Can treat visual dysfunctions while eliminating need for patching an eye (monocular vision)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Should only be completed with recommendations supplied by neuro-optometrist} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Occlusion Strategies Images}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/prinsam98_1656302447_Screen Shot 2022-06-26 at 11.00.03 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Occlusion Strategies}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Central Taping Occlusion}} & {\bf{Patching}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- Occluding central vision to reduce diplopia & - Complete occlusion of non-dominant eye \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Pros}}: Benefits allowing peripheral vision processing to remain exposed to sensory feedback & - Ideally alternating patch to eliminate risk of suppression \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Cons}}: May be visually distracting for patients who have additional \seqsplit{cognitive/perceptual} dysfunctions & - Alternating schedules are dependent of patient's tolerance (phoria vs tropia) \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Pros}}: allows for immediate relief of double vision \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Cons}}: Utilizing monocular vision only can result in suppression due to no sensory feedback in non-used or affected eye \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Why try binasal occlusion?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Binasal Occlusion is a non-invasive method and is easy to apply in patients with mTBI and motion sensitivity} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Reduces the symptoms caused by increased motion sensitivity and double vision} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Provides immediate and sustainable effects by reducing stress with visual processing} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{May enhance performance during activities of daily living, hobbies, and work related activities} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Field Expansion (Peripheral Central Awareness)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Goal is to strengthen the peripheral field awareness (ambient processing) while engaging in central vision activities resulting in {\bf{field expansion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{This strategy improves {\bf{gaze stabilization}} which improves reading skills, identifying obstacles  quickly and efficiently, and improve anticipatory response time to reduce risk of falling} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Must have adequate attention, arousal, and cognitive function to successfully use this strategy} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assessment \& Intervention of Visual Fields}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Type of Visual Field Testing}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Kinetic Confrontation (behind person)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Confrontation Field Testing (in front of person)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functional Observations of Visual Field Deficits}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Collides of comes very close to obstacles on one side in an unfamiliar environment} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Stares straight ahead at the floor immediately in front of them} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Consistently stares to one side} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Uses finger to "trail" wall to guide self} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Refuses to take the lead when ambulating, preferring to walk behind others} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Anxious or uncertain in crowded areas} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Stops walking when approaching or passing by another moving person or object} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Complains of feeling off balance particularly to one side} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Visual Pathway Lesions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/prinsam98_1656309425_Screen Shot 2022-06-27 at 12.56.20 AM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Visual Pathway Lesions: loss of visual fields}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Right Eye Anopsia/Blindness} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. Bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. Binasal heteronymous hemianopsia} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4 \& 5. Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{6. Contralateral upper quadrant anopsia} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{7. Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diminished or Lost Visual Field Strategies}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Increase awareness to affected visual field through adaptation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Visual scanning to affected side requiring head turning to scan surroundings} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Visual aides or markers to ensure the individual know how far to scan} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Position self on the side of affected visual field when looking far away (i.e. during a presentation, movie theater, etc.)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Have someone walk on the side of the affected visual field} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Prism lens may help with visual field expansion as prescribed by neuro-optometrist}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Central peripheral Expansion? }}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assess. \& Inter. of Visual Perceptual Dysfunctions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spatial Localization}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Judgement of space and distance- {\bf{Stereopsis}} (depth perception)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Functional observations that can impact safety}} & {\bf{Can be affected by…}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Difficulty negotiating steps, stairs, or curbs or safely navigating around environmental obstacles & - Changes in acuity \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- Pouring hot coffee without spilling or reaching for skillet handle on stove top without burning self & - Contrast sensitivity \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- Not stopping soon enough at a red light/stop sign or difficulty determining distance of exit/street sign resulting in last minute turning or missing exit & - Poor integration of focal and ambient visual processing systems \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 8)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - Divergence and/or convergence insufficiencies (binocular vision dysfunctions) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.16 cm} x{3.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stereopsis Testing}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{OT TESTING}} & Finger to nose test \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{OPTOMETRIST TESTING}} & The Randot Stereotest \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Visual Perceptual Testing}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{MVPT-4} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{DTVP-A} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.104 cm} x{2.052 cm} x{1.444 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Visual Perceptual Strategies}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Environment}} & {\bf{Person}} & {\bf{Occupation}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Organization & Scanning \seqsplit{strategies} & Task \seqsplit{Analysis} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
External Cues (e.g. Increasing Contrast) & Cognitive \seqsplit{strategies} & . \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
. & \seqsplit{Oculomotor} Exercises & . \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Visual Perceptual Activities}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Functional Activities}} & {\bf{Therapy activities}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Dressing with or without AE & Parquetry \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Applying make-up & Puzzles \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Grocery shopping & Tangrams \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Organizing spice rack and or pantry & Mazes \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Organizing groceries to put away & "Where's Waldo?" \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Sorting and organizing dishes from the dishwasher & Graphing \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Sorting and folding laundry & Line or design completion \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Setting the table & Any activity involving constructional praxis (e.g., 3-D building tasks) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Organizing medications & . \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Navigating Apps on phone or web browsers & . \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}