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\author{prinsam98}
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  /Title (introduction-to-balance.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (prinsam98)
  /Subject (Introduction to Balance Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Introduction to Balance Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{prinsam98} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/150950/cs/32931/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}prinsam98 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/prinsam98} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 30th June, 2022.\\
   Updated 30th June, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Postural Control}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Includes controlling the body's position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- {\bf{Postural orientation}} -The ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between body segments, as well as, between the body and the environment for the task.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- {\bf{Postural Stability}} -  ability to control the center of mass (COM) in relationship to the base of support (BOS)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Balance}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Balance is the ability to keep one's center of gravity over one's base of support in any given sensory conditions} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Postural control and balance are often used interchangeably} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Balance emerges from the interaction of the individual, the postural task and the environment} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What the individual contribute to postural control}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Visual, vestibular, and somatosensory are the primary sensory neural components contributing to balance/postural control} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Individual sensory neural components}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Visual – provides information about the environment} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Somatosensory: sensory receptors in joints, muscle, and skin to provide perceptions of movement and position in space} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Vestibular – provides information on angular \& linear acceleration as well as position in space} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vision}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Comprised of focal and ambient vision} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Focal- specializes in object motion perception and object recognition} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- Ambient -associated with the maintenance of spatial orientation and visual functions that depend on peripheral, preconscious visual inputs} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Decreased visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and depth perception are all associated with increase risk for falls} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Somatosensory}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Information gathered from receptors located in muscles, joints and skin} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Provides information regarding body segment movement in space and force generation} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vestibular}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Both sensory system and motor system therefore can impact many different components of postural control} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Provides information about head motion, head position, and the direction of gravity that the central nervous system needs for postural control} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Affects motor control through two outputs, the vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) and the vestibular spinal reflex (VSR)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-  VOR – stabilizing visual images during head movement} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{- VSR – stabilize the body} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sensory Integration and Motor Outputs}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Sensory signals are integrated in the CNS and result in descending motor commands to muscle} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Reactive and proactive and postural responses allow for adjustments to postural control(balance) in the presence of a changing environment or tasks} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Falls/Balance Screening vs. Assessment}}  \tn
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{\bf{Screening}} & {\bf{Assessment}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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Identifies persons at risk for falling or with balance impairment & In-depth, multifactorial measure(s) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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Helps guide clinicians in determining who should receive  a multifactorial assessment & Examines potential cause of falls \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
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 & Provides sufficient detail so as to guide interventions \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Falls/Balance Screening}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{STEADI Stay Independent }} & {\bf{John Hopkins Fall Risk Assessment Tool}} & {\bf{Fall Risk Assessment and Screening Tool (FRAST)}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Quick 12 question survey & developed to facilitate early detection of risk for anticipated physiologic falls in adult inpatients & Created by physical therapists for use in primary care offices \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 8)
% Row 2
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Good sensitivity \seqsplit{discriminating} fallers and predicting future falls in community dwelling adults & JHFRAT is reliable, with high sensitivity and negative predictive validity & Compiled from previously validated falls screening and assessment measures \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 8)
% Row 3
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 &  & Uses the Timed Up and Go as the assessment \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{psychometric properties}}  \tn
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Reliability & The ability of a test to produce consistent results from one test to the next \tn 
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Validity & The degree to which an instrument (test/assessment) measures what we intend to measure \tn 
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% Row 2
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Ceiling Effect & A significant percent of a certain group/population scores at the {\bf{highest end}} of the test, therefore differentiating between these individuals or truly assessing them is not possible with this measure. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 11)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Floor Effect & A significant percent of a certain group/population scores at the {\bf{lowest end}} of the test, therefore differentiating between these individuals or truly assessing them is not possible with this measure. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 11)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{psychometric properties (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
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Minimal Detectable Change (MDC) & The minimum amount of change in a patient's score that ensures the change isn't the result of measurement error \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Minimally Clinically Important Difference (MCID) & Represents the smallest amount of change in an outcome that might be considered important by the patient or clinician.  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Balance Assessments}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Timed Up and Go (TUG) – Manual and Cognitive & A component of the STEADI falls assessment; Provides insight on balance, strength/power, walking ability, and fall risk; {\bf{Individuals are given verbal instructions to stand up from a chair, walk 3 meters as quickly and safely as possible, cross a line marked on the floor, turn around, walk back, and sit down}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
30-Second Chair Stand Test & Administered using a chair without arms, with seat height of 17 inches (43.2 cm). The chair may be placed against a wall to prevent it from moving. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
4-Stage Balance Test & If the patient can hold a position for 10 seconds without moving their feet or needing support, go on to the next position. If not, STOP the test. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Balance Assessments (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
10 Meter walk Test & Two trials are administered at the patient's comfortable walking speed, followed by 2 trials at his/her fast walking speed. The 2 trials, for each speed, are averaged and the 2 gait speeds are documented in meters/second. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
Modified Clinical test of Sensory Interaction in Balance (CTSIB-M) & Provides the clinician with a means to quantify postural control under various sensory conditions. Designed to assess if available sensory systems are being used effectively for balance \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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