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\author{PrincessB3ll3}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-bio-unit-6-gene-expression-and-regulation.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (PrincessB3ll3)
  /Subject (AP Bio Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Bio Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{PrincessB3ll3} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/122525/cs/22808/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 14th May, 2020.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Material}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-DNA primary source of heritable information (sometimes RNA) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
-Info stored and passed through subsequent generations (mostly DNA sometimes RNA) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Base Pairing: A-T(U) and G-C \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Purines: G and A; have a double ring structure \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Pyrimidines: C, T, and U; have a single ring structure \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
Retroviruses: info flows from RNA to DNA, made possible by reverse transcriptase% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\seqsplit{Semiconservative} & One strand of DNA serves as the template for a new strand of complementary DNA \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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Helicase & Unwinds the DNA strands \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Topoisomerase} & Relaxes supercoiling in front of the replication fork \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
DNA polymerase & Requires RNA primers to initiate DNA synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Leading Strand & DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands of DNA continuously in 5'-3' direction \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 6
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Lagging Strand & DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands of DNA DISCONTINUOUSLY (runs 3'-5') \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 7
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Ligase & Joins the fragments on the lagging strand \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
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% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Initiation} & RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the promoter. Once bound, RNA polymerase separates the DNA strands, providing the single-stranded template needed for transcription. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Elongation} & RNA polymerase reads template strand and builds RNA molecule out of complementary nucleotides. RNA transcript carries the same information as the non-template (coding) strand of DNA, but it contains the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 2
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\seqsplit{Termination} & When termination sequence is transcribed, they cause the transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Addition of a poly-A tail. \newline 2. Addition of a GTP cap. \newline 3. Excision of introns and splicing and retention \newline of exons. \newline -Generates different versions of resulting mRNA molecule (alternative splicing)}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prokaryotic Gene Regulation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Inducible} & Turned on by the presence of a particular small molecule (inducer) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\seqsplit{Repressible} & On by default but can be turned off by a small molecule (corepressor) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eukaryotic Gene Regulation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Chromatin accessibility & More "relaxed" chromatin makes a gene more available for transcription \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Transcription & Sets of transcription factor proteins bind to specific DNA sequences in or near a gene and promote or repress its transcription into an RNA \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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RNA processing & Splicing, capping, and addition of a poly-A tail, alternative splicing \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
RNA \seqsplit{stability/Translation} & Protein yield determines lifetime of RNA molecule in cytosol. Small regulatory RNAs called miRNAs bind to target mRNAs - chop them up \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Repressible Operon}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lac Operon}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Histones}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Acetylation & Makes DNA more accessible \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Methylation & Makes DNA less accessible \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mutations}}  \tn
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Mutations are the main source of genetic variation}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biotechnology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Electrophoresis & Separates molecules according to size and charge \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) & Amplifies DNA fragments (makes more) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Bacterial transformation & Introduces DNA into bacterial cells (via plasmid) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
DNA sequencing & Determines order of nucleotides in DNA molecule \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}