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\author{BOMMISETTI PRAVALLIKA (pravallika)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (microbiology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (BOMMISETTI PRAVALLIKA (pravallika))
  /Subject (microbiology Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{microbiology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{BOMMISETTI PRAVALLIKA (pravallika)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/155589/cs/34096/}}}
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\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}BOMMISETTI PRAVALLIKA (pravallika) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/pravallika} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 13th September, 2022.\\
   Updated 13th September, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.635 cm} x{8.635 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{VIRUSES}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{Viruses are non- cellular , npn- living infectious agents that are composed of nucleoproteins which can multiply inside animals and plants or bacterial cells.It consists of both living and non- living properties} \tn 
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\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} {\bf{LIVING\_PROPERTIES OF VIRSUES}} & \{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\}{\bf{NON\_ LIVING PROPERTIES OF VIRUSES}} \tn 
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\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\}{]}\{\{bt\}\}1)They are obligate intracellular parasities, & \{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\}1)They can be crystallized and stored in bottles \tn 
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\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} i.e\textless{},cannot exists outside . & \{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} \tn 
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\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\}2)They can multiply inside the living organisms & \{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\}2)They cannot multiply outside the host \tn 
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\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} 3)They contain a genetic material namely DNA or RNA & \{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} 3)They dont have the cells \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{SIZE}}:- Virsues range in size from 300 nanometers as in TMV to 20nm as in parvoviruses.  \newline viruses approximate the sizes of the smallest bacterial cells as mycoplasmas. \newline largest viruses is {\bf{vaccinia virus and pox virus,}} \newline smallest viruses is {\bf{foot and mouth disease virus,polio virus}}}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{8.4623 cm} x{8.8077 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{SHAPE}}}}  \tn
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Spherical\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & {\bf{polio virus }}\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} \tn 
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rod shaped\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & {\bf{TMV virus,influenza virus}}\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} \tn 
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rectangular\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & {\bf{vaccinia virus}}\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} \tn 
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polyhedral\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & {\bf{ adeno virus, herpes virus,polio virus}}\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} \tn 
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tadpole shaped\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & {\bf{ bacteriophages}}\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} \tn 
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Helical\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & {\bf{ Rabies virus , TMV }}\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{classification of viruses}} \newline {\bf{ phytophages}}       viruses that infect plants                    \newline {\bf{zoophages }}             viruses that infect animals                  \newline {\bf{ bacteriophages}}      viruses that infect bacteria  \newline {\bf{cyanophages }}         viruses that infect blue green algae \newline {\bf{zymophages}}           viruses that infect yeast cells  \newline {\bf{mycophages}}           viruses that infect fungi}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{CAPSID}}}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{1) Chemically viruses contain a protein coat called {\bf{capsid}}.The capsid consists of many protein subunits called {\bf{capsomere}}. The number of capsomere varies from one virus to another virus  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
{\bf{eg}}:- {\bf{TMV}} capsid contains {\bf{2130}} capsomeres. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
             {\bf{Adeno virus }} contains {\bf{252 }} capsomeres. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
   2) Some animal viruses like {\bf{influenza virus}} and {\bf{AIDS}} contain aalipid-protein complex external to capsid.  this is called {\bf{peplos or envelope}}.   \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 4)
The capsomeres in capsid may be arranged in helically {\bf{ (eg:-TMV )}} polyhedral {\bf{(eg:- adeno virus)}} and binal symmertry {\bf{(eg:- TMV)}}% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NUCELIC ACID}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Generally plant virus consists of {\bf{ RNA}} but in {\bf{cauliflower mosaic virus}} and {\bf{ dahila mosaic virus}}the genetic material is {\bf{double standard DNA}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Generally animal virus consists of {\bf{DNA}} but in {\bf{polio virus}},{\bf{flue virus}} it is single standard {\bf{RNA}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A single standard DNA is present in bacteriophage{\bf{ M14}} and coliphage{\bf{ S13}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{A double standard RNA is present in {\bf{Wound tumor virus }},{\bf{Rice dwarf virus}}, {\bf{Maize dwarf virus}},{\bf{ Reo virus }}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.1175 cm} x{4.1175 cm} x{4.1175 cm} x{4.1175 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DIFFERENT TYPES OF VIRUSES}}  \tn
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\{\{bt\}\}{\bf{TMV VIRUS}}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\}{\bf{BACTERIOPHAGE}}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\}{\bf{POX VIRUS}}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\}{\bf{AIDS VIRUS}}\{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} \tn 
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\{\{bt\}\}{\bf{TMV}} is most \seqsplit{extensively} studied plant virus.               \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\}They are \seqsplit{pathogenic} virus infecting bacteria          \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\} {\bf{ POX}} virus is aa casual agent of small pox.       \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\}Acquired immune \seqsplit{deficiency} syndrome{\bf{(AIDS)}}is an \seqsplit{infectious} diseases is caused by a virus known as human \seqsplit{immunodeficiency} virus {\bf{(HIV)}}     \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} \tn 
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\{\{bt\}\}It is elongated rod-like,3000A\textasciicircum{}0\textasciicircum{}long ,180A\textasciicircum{}0\textasciicircum{} in diameter, molecular weight being 39.4*10\textasciicircum{}6\textasciicircum{}, \seqsplit{95\%protein} and 5\% RNA by weight \seqsplit{interwined} to form helical ,grooved,cylinderical rods.       \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\}{\bf{Twort}} \seqsplit{discovered} the \seqsplit{bacteriophages}. The structure of T4 \seqsplit{bacteriophage} contains head and tail regions.     \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\}pox virus are among the largest of animal virus ,have complex structure and \seqsplit{rectangular} shaped      \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\}This virus also called as Human T \seqsplit{lymphotropic} virus 3 or AIDS related \seqsplit{retrovirus} (ARV)        \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.1175 cm} x{4.1175 cm} x{4.1175 cm} x{4.1175 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DIFFERENT TYPES OF VIRUSES (cont)}}  \tn
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\{\{bt\}\}The walls of the cylinder are 70A\textasciicircum{}0\textasciicircum{} \seqsplit{thick.2130} capsomers are arranged helically to form aa capsid .        \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\} Head is folded {\bf{double standard DNA }} is packed in head.Head is hexagonal with around 2000 \seqsplit{capsomeres}.         \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\}This is \seqsplit{rectangular} shaped \seqsplit{(300*230mU)} in size ,6\% double standard DNA ,89\% protein ,5\% lipids.         \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\} AIDS virus consists of {\bf{single standard RNA}} \seqsplit{surrounded} by protein coat( core shell) the entire structure is wrapped around in an envelope.       \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} \tn 
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\{\{bl\}\}\{\{bt\}\} 49 capsomers are present in 3 turns and 130 turns in complete virus capsid. Each capsomere has a molecular weight of 17,400 and is formed by \seqsplit{condensation} of {\bf{158 \seqsplit{aminoacids} }} & \{\{bt\}\}Tail is helically \seqsplit{symmetrical} with a core tube \seqsplit{surrounded} by a protein tail sheath consists of 144 \seqsplit{capsomeres} arranged in 24 rings of 6 subunits. The sheath is connected to collar at its upper end and base  plate at lower end.            \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\}Genome is dumb bell \seqsplit{shaped;central} core has dsDNA.            \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\}After entering the blood, AIDS virus infects the helper \seqsplit{T-LYMPHOCYTES(not} the \seqsplit{suppressor} T-cells) and destroy them. Helper T cell plays  an essential role in antibody \seqsplit{production}.         \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.1175 cm} x{4.1175 cm} x{4.1175 cm} x{4.1175 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DIFFERENT TYPES OF VIRUSES (cont)}}  \tn
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\{\{bt\}\}RNA strand is \seqsplit{embeddedin} furrow and therefore,it is \seqsplit{helical;ssRNA} consists of 6400 \seqsplit{nucleotides}.Thus , the \seqsplit{approximate} ratio of {\bf{nucleotides and capsomers is 3:1}}          \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\} basal plate is hexagonal with single pin or spike at each corner. A thin tail fibre is also given out of the corner . A enzyme {\bf{ lysozyme }} is \seqsplit{responsible} for \seqsplit{dissolving} the bacterial cell wall is present in tail fibers.            \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\}The core contains two enzymes -{\bf{ RNA polymerase}} and \seqsplit{**ATP-phosphohydralase}.On both sides of the core lie lateral bodies one on each side.             \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} & \{\{bt\}\} Thus, AIDS virus destroy an important link in immune defence rendering the \seqsplit{individuals} prone to \seqsplit{infectious} diseases and tumour  \seqsplit{formation.}              \{\{bb\}\}\{\{br\}\}\{\{bl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 26)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{VIRIODS}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{fa-star\}\}{\bf{ DIENER }} discovered the viroids .They are small, circular, single standard RNA molecules without protein coat . they cause many plant diseases . \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
Eg:-{\bf{ Citrus exocotosis viroid , potato spindle tuber viroid }} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
 \{\{fa-star\}\}Although the viroid RNA (300 to 400) nucleotides is single standard circle but can exhibit considerable secondary structure and resembles the short standard molecules with close ends. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\{\{fa-star\}\} viroids enter the plant through wound or by insects. It replicates in the host cell nucleus with the help of one plant of RNA polymerases.% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PRIONS}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\{\{fa-star\}\}{\bf{PRUSINER}} discovered the prions. The infectious proteins are called {\bf{prions}}. Nucleic acid is absent. Protein coat is infectious and cause variety of diseases. The {\bf{ mad cow disease}} causing prion may reach man through beef cause {\bf{Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease}}in him. eg:-{\bf{ MAD COW}} disease ({\bf{Bovine spongiform encephalitis}}) and {\bf{Scrapie}} disease in sheep.% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
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