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\author{meanshape101 (PokemonTrainerGold)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (genki-japanese-grammar-notes.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (meanshape101 (PokemonTrainerGold))
  /Subject (Genki Japanese Grammar Notes Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Genki Japanese Grammar Notes Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{meanshape101 (PokemonTrainerGold)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/143048/cs/33314/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}meanshape101 (PokemonTrainerGold) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/pokemontrainergold} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 23rd July, 2022.\\
   Updated 23rd July, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 )}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Genki chapter 1 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
1. です = to end the sentence politely,  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
     (noun) です \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
2. は = topic particle (read as wa), \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
    example: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
    X は Y です = X (the topic) is Y. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
3. To ask question, です =\textgreater{} ですか? (add ka). \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
    なんですか is used to ask {\emph{what}}         is something \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
    example: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
    X ですか? = is it X? (yes/no qn) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
    X は なん ですか? (what is X?) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
4. の particle: it just means 的 in chinese. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
     example:  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
     日本語の学生 = 日本语的学生 in chinese. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
Genki chapter 2 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
1. referring to things: \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
これ/この/ここ (starts with こ) = this (unspecific) / this (specific noun)/ this (place), near to you. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
それ/その/そこ = that (unspecific)/that (specific noun)/ that (place), near to the other person u are talking to. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 3)
あれ/あの/あそこ = that (unspecific)/that (specific noun)/that (place), far away from both you and the person u are talking to. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 3)
examples (literal translation): \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
これ は いくら ですか? \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{This thing (near me), how much is it? \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
その 時計 は 三千円 です。 \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
That watch (near you) is 3 thousand yen. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
きっさてん は あそこ です。 \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
The cafe is over there (far from both of us). \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
2. asking questions on things \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
どれ/どの/どこ = which (unspecific)/which (specific noun)/which (place) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
*use with が particle instead of は \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
どれ が あなたの ペンですか? \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
which one is your pen? \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
だれ= who? \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
だれの= whose? (谁的 in chinese) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
これは だれの かばんですか? \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
Whose bag is this? \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
3. (noun) も \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
も replaces は, is used to compare similarities. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
X は Z です。(X is Z.) \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
Y も Z です。(Y is {\emph{also}} Z) \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
4. Negative of nouns (じゃない) \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
X は Y です。(X is Y) \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
X は Y じゃないです。(X is not Y) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
*side note: instead of じゃない (more colloquial), can also use じゃ ありません (no です at the end) or でわ ありません (same no です at the end), in increasing "formal-ness". \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{5. \textasciitilde{}ね/\textasciitilde{}よ sentence enders \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
ね added at the end of sentence to say (... right?/ ... is it?) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
これ は 肉 じゃない ですね。 \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
(This isn't meat, right?) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
よ added at the end of sentence to clarify/assure things. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
とんかつ は 魚 \seqsplit{じゃないですよ。=} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
tonkatsu isn't fish \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
*(spoken like, let me tell you/to clarify, tonkatsu isn't fish) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
Genki chapter 3 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
1. Verbs \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
There are 2 types of verbs, ru verbs and u verbs, they are conjugated differently. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
Ru verbs: eg. 食べる \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
present tense: 食べ \textasciitilde{}る\textasciitilde{} =\textgreater{} 食べます (change ru to masu) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
present negative: 食べ \textasciitilde{}る\textasciitilde{}=\textgreater{} 食べません \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
U verbs: eg: 飲む \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
present tense: 飲む =\textgreater{} 飲みます \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
present negative: 飲みません \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
(convert the u to i vowel, eg, mu =\textgreater{} mi, then add masu or masen) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
Irregular verbs: \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
する =\textgreater{} します/しません \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
くる =\textgreater{} きます/きません \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
*to identify ru/u verbs, firstly, if the verb doesnt have る, its a u verb. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{next, if there is a u o vowels before ru, is u verb, \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
if theres i e before る, most cases is ru verb (exception: 帰る is u verb) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
Or!!! just memorise accordingly. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
2. verbs "present tense" usage \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Present tense either means that \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
1. u are saying u often do something {\emph{(habitual actions)}} or \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
2. when describing u are going to do something in the {\emph{future}}. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
3. Particles: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
を (pronounced as "o"): describes direct objects, what you do to the noun. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
eg: \seqsplit{コーヒーを飲みます} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
(i drink coffee) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
で: place where the event happens. (里 in chinese) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
eg: \seqsplit{図書館でほんを読みます} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
(I will read books in the library) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
に: \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
1. goal of movement (towards) \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
2. time (use に right after the time words) \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
eg: \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
1. 私はうち に 帰ります (i will return home) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
2. 十一時 に 寝ます (I will sleep at eleven) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
*approximate time references can be made by replacing に with ごろ. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{eg: 十一時 ごろ 寝ます (i will sleep at around 11) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
へ (pronounced "e"): indicates goal of movement (can be used to replace に in the goal of movement sense). \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
eg: 私はうち へ 帰ります。 \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
4. Time reference (when to use に) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Use に when referring to days of the week (sunday), or numerical time expressions like 10:45 and "in september" \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
Dont use に when u have a reference to today (eg, today, tomorrow, next week) or regular intervals like (everyday), or asking about "when?". \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
5. invitation \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
use ませんか as in invitation: (its like wont 'cha) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
昼ご飯 を 食べませんか? \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
("wont 'cha" eat lunch with me?) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
6. frequency adverbs \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
私は 時々 喫茶店 に 行きます \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(I sometimes go to a coffee shop) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
However: to describe infrequent activities (全然, あまり), u must always use the negative form of verbs at the end of the sentence (which is ません) \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 4)
eg: たけしさん は あまり \seqsplit{勉強しません。(takeshi} does not study much) \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
*extra side notes: \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
行く= movement in a direction away from speaker. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{来る = movement towards the place the speaker is. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Genki chapter 4 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
1. There is/exists \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
ある (u verb)= for non living things \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
いる (ru verb)= for living things \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
To use: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
(place) に (thing) が あります。 \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
(place) に (person/living thing) が います。 \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
place is optional. Take note to use が particle. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
Examples: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{あそこにマクドナルドがあります。} (there is a macdonalds over there) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{テレビがありません。(i} dont have a tv) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{日本人の友達がいます。(i} have a japanese friend) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
2. Location words/usage \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
General form: \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
X は Y の \_\_\_\_\_ です。 \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
where \_\_\_\_ is a location word, eg, left/right. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
location words: 右, 左, 上, 下, 前, 後ろ, 中, 近く, 隣. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
for 間 (between), use: X は Y と Z の 間です (X is between Y and Z) \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
*Extension: Since this describes a place, and events can happen at places (chap 3 verbs and places), we can use で particle to do the same thing as chap 3. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 4)
Example: \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\seqsplit{私はモスバーガーの前} で \seqsplit{メアリーさんを待ちました。} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
(I waited for mary in front of the mos burger place) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
3. past tense \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
for です: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
past tense: でした \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
past negative: じゃなかったです \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
for ます (verbs): \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
past tense: ました \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
past negative: ませんでした \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
*tip: if got た = past tense. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
4. も: \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
も just means also. (replaces は が を particles, but not anything else eg に) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
私は先週京都 に 行きました。 \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
大阪 にも いきました。 \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
(i went to kyoto last week) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
(i also went to osaka) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
5. Duration \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
add 一時間 or any other duration noun before the verb. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
メアリーさん は そこ で たけしさん を {\emph{一時間}} まちました。 \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
(mary waited for takeshi there for one hour) \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
*add くらい to the duration (一時間くらい) for approximate timing, and add 半 to indicate half an hour/minute etc) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{6. quantity \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
u can place a quantity word (eg たくさん (many) ) before the noun or after を。 \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
私は京都で (写真 を たくさん OR たくさん 写真 を) 撮りました。 \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
(i took many pictures in kyoto) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
both are acceptable. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
7. と particle \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
1. to connect two things in one sentence (and) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
日本語 と 英語 を 話します。(i speak japanese and english) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
2. means "together with" \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
メアリーさん は スーさん と 韓国 に いきます。(mary will go to korea with sue) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
note that it isnt mary と sue because mary is the topic of the convo, and she is the one thats going with sue. (like, if ppl asking what mary is doing, den u reply mary は...) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 4)
Genki chapter 5 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
1. Adjectives: \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
Theres two types of adjectives, な adj and い adj, which is based on the last syllable when they modify nouns. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 3)
い adj: 怖い先生 \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
山下先生は 怖い先生 です。 \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
(Yamashita is a scary teacher) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
な adj: 元気な先生 \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{山下先生は 元気な先生 です。 \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
(Yamashita is an energetic teacher) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Conjugation of い adjectives: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
寒いです \textgreater{} 寒くないです (negative) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
寒いです \textgreater{} 寒かったです (past) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
寒くないです \textgreater{} 寒くなかったです (past negative) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
side note for past negative, change nai to nakatta, nai is also an i adjective \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
Another note: いい becomes よい, then conjugate from there. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
Conjugation of な adj: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
元気です。is the original form, just conjugate like how u conjugate desu as learnt from chap 4 (じゃない じゃなかった でした) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
To say stuff like "a little hot" "very hot", put ちょっと and とても respectively in front of the adj. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
この部屋は ちょっと暑い です。 \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
(this room is a little hot) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
2. 好き/嫌い \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
To say u like or dislike something: \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
X は Y が 好き/嫌い です。 \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{山下先生は魚が嫌いです。} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
(yamashita dislikes fish) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
use 大好き/大嫌い instead of とても 好き/嫌い \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
to say u neither like or dislike something: \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
好きでも 嫌いでも ないです。 \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{using them as adjectives: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
これは 私の 好きな本 です。 \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
(This is my favourite book) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
3. Invitation \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
ます \textgreater{} ましょう / ましょうか \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
ましょう = "Let's ..." \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
ましょうか = "Why dont we .../ Shall we" \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{一緒に図書館で勉強しましょう。} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
(Let's study in the library together) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{喫茶店でコ－ヒーを飲みましょうか。} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
(Shall we drink coffee at a coffee shop?) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
4. Counter objects \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
its like chinese 一个 一块 一片 etc etc, but take note, they usually come after the noun. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
Genki chapter 6 grammar notes \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
1. Conjugation of verbs into te-form \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
There is something called te form which is used extensively for many things. (explained later) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
Heres how to conjugate: \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
Ru verbs: (る =\textgreater{} て) \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
食べる =\textgreater{} 食べて \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
For u verbs: \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
ends in う つ る: (って) \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
会う =\textgreater{} 会って \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
待つ =\textgreater{} 待って \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
撮る =\textgreater{} 撮って \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
ends in む ぶ ぬ: (んで) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
読む =\textgreater{} 読んで \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{遊ぶ =\textgreater{} 遊んで \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
死ぬ =\textgreater{} 死んで \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
ends in く ぐ: (いて/いで) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
書く =\textgreater{} 書いて \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
泳ぐ =\textgreater{} 泳いで \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
*note: for 行く=\textgreater{} 行って \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
ends in す: (して) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
話す =\textgreater{} 話して \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
irregular verbs: \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
する =\textgreater{} して \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
くる =\textgreater{} きて \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
2. polite request: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
Use てください。 \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
教科書 を 読んでください。 \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
(please read the textbook) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
3. permission: \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
use てもいい to say "u may do..." \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
to ask permission, say てもいいですか \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
教科書 を 見てもいいですか \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
(may i see the textbook?) \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
はい 、 \seqsplit{見てもいいですよ。} \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
(yes u may) \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
4. strong prohibition \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
Use てはいけません (は pronounced as wa) to show that u cannot do something in a strong tone. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
ここで 写真 を \seqsplit{撮ってはいけません。} \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(u must not take pictures here) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
5. te-form to connect verbs \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Use te-form if u want to connect two or more verbs together, \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
*side note, と is to connect nouns tgt, て is for verbs. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
i) to show sequence of events \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{今日は、六時に起きて、勉強しました。} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
(today i woke up at six, and studied.) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
ii) relates the verb to the rest of the sentence. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
examples: \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{バスに乗って、会社に行きます。} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
(i take a bus to work) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{教科書を忘れて、すみません。} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
(i forgot my textbook, sorry) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
6. explanation \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
add から to the end of the sentence to explain the reason for something. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
General form: \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{(situation)。(explanation)から。} \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{私は今晩は勉強します。} \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{明日テストがあります} から。 \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
(i will study tonight. Thats because there is a test tomorrow) \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
*note: 遅い is adj, 遅く is adverb. same for 早い/早く etc. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
Genki chapter 7 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. State (ている) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
a) Use ている to describe continuous state \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
スーさん は 今勉強しています \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
(sue is studying right now) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
also can use ています to describe what someone does by occupation/habit \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
私 は 英語 を 教えています。 \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
(i am an english teacher/i am teaching english) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
メアリーさん は 毎日 日本語 を 勉強しています。 \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
(mary studies japanese everyday) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
b) used to describe current status/state \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
山下先生 は 結婚しています。 \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
(yamashita sensei is married) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
トムさん は ちょと 太っています。 \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
(tom is a little overweight) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
*side note: 行く and 来る belongs to group b, thus \seqsplit{中国に行っています} = somebody has gone to china. instead of: somebody is going to china. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 4)
conjugation: (conjugate the ます) \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
食べています (present) \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
食べていません (negative) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
食べていました (past) \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{食べていませんでした} (past negative) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
2. describing body parts \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
X は (part) が (adjective). \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{example: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{スーさんは髪が長い。} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
(sue's hair is long) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
3. noun and adj te forms. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
i adj:  優しい =\textgreater{} 優しくて \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
irregular: いい =\textgreater{} よくて \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
na adj \& nouns: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
元気 =\textgreater{} 元気で \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
日本人 =\textgreater{} 日本人で \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
They are used to connect sentences tgt. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
あの店 の 食べ物 は \seqsplit{安くて、おおいしです。} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
(that stores food is inexpensive, and delicious) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
山下先生 は \seqsplit{日本人で、五十歳ぐらいです。} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
(yamashita sensei is a japanese person, and he is about fifty years old) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
4. destination + purpose \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
general form: \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(destination) に/へ (purpose) に 行く/来る/帰る。 \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
デパート に かばんを買い に 行きました。 \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
(i went to the department store to buy a bag) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
Genki chapter 8 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
1. Short forms \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
Short forms are used for many things discussed later (eg quotes, thoughts, informal speech). \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Lets first learn the conjugations: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Present tense: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
verbs: 読み ます =\textgreater{} 読む \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
i adj: 可愛い です =\textgreater{} 可愛い \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
na adj/noun: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
元気 です =\textgreater{} 元気だ \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
学生 です =\textgreater{} 学生だ \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Present tense negative: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
verbs1: 読む =\textgreater{} 読まない \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
i adj: 可愛いくない です =\textgreater{} 可愛いくない \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
na adj/noun: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
元気じゃない です =\textgreater{} 元気じゃない \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
学生じゃない です =\textgreater{} 学生じゃない \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
*tip: short form, just cut out the masu/desu politeness \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
1now for verbs, short form negative conjugations: \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
ru verbs (る =\textgreater{} ない):  \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
食べる =\textgreater{} 食べない \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
u verbs (change u ending to anai): \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
書く =\textgreater{} 書かない \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
死ぬ =\textgreater{} 死なない \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
読む =\textgreater{} 読まない \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
買う =\textgreater{} 買わない (note that う =\textgreater{} わ) \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
irregular verbs/exception: \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
する =\textgreater{} しない \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
くる =\textgreater{} こない \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
ある =\textgreater{} ない \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
2. informal speech \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
basically means can use short forms and dont need to be so polite etc \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. quotation/thoughts \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Use short form + と思います / と言っていました to express thoughts/ quote speech. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{スーさんは、明日試験} が ある \seqsplit{と言っていました。} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
(sue said that there would be an exam tomorrow) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
(私は) たけしさん は メアリーさん が 好きだ と思います。 \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
(i think takeshi likes mary) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
*extension: if u wanna say she thinks that he is cool (2nd/3rd person thoughts) use と思っています (like the above she said... uses \seqsplit{と言っていました)} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 4)
example: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
彼女 は 彼 が かっこいい と思っています。 \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
(she thinks he is cool) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
4. please dont... \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
use negative short form + でください。 \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
ここで 写真 を 撮らない でください \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
(please dont take pictures here) \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
5. verb のが 好きです \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
to say u like/dislike doing an activity, (verb) のが 好き/嫌い です。 \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
私 は 日本語 を 勉強する のが 好き です。 \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
(i like studying japanese) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{私は 部屋 を 掃除する のが 嫌い です。 \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
(i dislike cleaning my room) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
to say u are good at/bad at something, (verb) のが 上手/下手 です。 \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
ロバートさん は 料理する のが 上手 です。 \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
(robert is good at cooking) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
たけしさん は 英語を話す のが 下手です。 \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
(takeshi is bad at speaking english) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
generally: \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
(person) は (verb) のが \seqsplit{好き/嫌い/上手/下手} です。 \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
*extension side note: のが is used cuz の makes the verb into a noun, and ga is used to connect it to the adj because は is already used beforehand. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 4)
6. が \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
が is used to "fill in the blank", for example when somebody is asking who did this? \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
use が when asking qns about who/which/what (specific) X did something. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
then say X が something. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
his identity is a new piece of info provided. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
どのクラス が 面白いですか? \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
(which class is interesting?) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
日本語のクラス が 面白いです。 \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(japanese class is.) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
7. 何か \& 何も \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
何か = something (positive) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
何か = anything (question) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
何も + negative = nothing at all (negative) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
used on their own, without particles after it. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
examples: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{猫が何か持って来ました。} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
(the cat has brought something) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{猫は何か食べましたか}? \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
(did the cat eat anything?) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{いいえ、猫は何も食べませんでした。} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
(no, the cat did not eat anything) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
Genki chapter 9 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
1. Short form past/past negative. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
To conjugate: \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
past tense: \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
verb: 読む =\textgreater{} 読んだ \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
i adj: 可愛かったです =\textgreater{} 可愛かった \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
na adj \& noun: \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
静か =\textgreater{} 静か だった \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
学生 =\textgreater{} 学生 だった \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
past negative: \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
verb: 読む =\textgreater{} 読まなかった \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
i adj: 可愛い =\textgreater{} 可愛くなかった \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
na adj/noun: \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
静か =\textgreater{} 静かじゃなかった \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
学生 =\textgreater{} 学生じゃなかった \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
irregular: \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{行く =\textgreater{} 行った 行かなかった \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
いい =\textgreater{} よかった よくなかた \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
*tip: almost everything all かった/ だった \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
we covered usage of short forms in the previous chapter, so its the same. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
2. verbs can describe nouns. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
食べる人 \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
(the person who is eating) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
(lit. the eating person) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
and so on, verbs can be put before nouns to modify them and describe them. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
あそこ で \seqsplit{本を読んでいる学生} は みちこさん です \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
(the student who is reading a book over there is michiko) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
3. present perfect tense \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
we need perfect tenses to show that we have/have not done something already. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
use もう to show that u have already done something. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
for example: \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{私は昨日ドアを閉めました} \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
(i closed the door yesterday) \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
vs \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
私は もう \seqsplit{昨日ドアを閉めました。} \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
(i have already closed the door yesterday.) \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
sentence 1 says nothing about the present state of the door, while sentence 2 says that even now, the door is still locked. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{use まだ... ていません to show that u have not yet done something. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
私 は まだ 宿題 を していません \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
(i have not done my homework yet) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
4. \textasciitilde{}から \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
previously, we learnt (situation), (explanation) から。 \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
over here, から = because. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
now we learn that we can also use (explanation) から、(situation). \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
over here, から = therefore. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
明日試験がある \seqsplit{から、私は今晩勉強します。} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
(tomorrow there is a test, therefore i will study today) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
Genki Chapter 10 grammar notes \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
1. comparison between 2 items \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
X のほうが Y より (adjective)。 \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(X is more (adjective) than Y) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
中国 のほうが 日本 より 大きいです。 \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
(china is bigger than japan) \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
to ask question on which is more (adjective) among the two, use: \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
A と B と どちらのほう/ どっちのほう が (adjective)。 \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
(for A and B, which is more (adjective)?) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{example: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
バス と 電車 と どっちのほうが 安いですか? \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
( (going by) bus or train, which is cheaper?) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
2. compare between 3 or more items: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
use: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
(group) の中で A が 一番 (adjective) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
(amongst the whole group of items, A is the most (adjective)) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
ロシア と フランス と 日本 の中で、どこ が 一番 寒いですか? \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
(between russia france and japan, which has the coldest climate) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
ロシア が 一番 寒いと思います。 \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
(i think russia has the coldest climate) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
季節 の中で いつか 一番 好きですか? \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
(which season do u like the most?) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
秋が 一番 好きです。 \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(i like fall the most) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
3. Xの. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
Basically its like chinese X的。 \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
for example, 是谁的书本? 是我的。 \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
dont have to repeat 书本 at the end. (aka 是我的书本) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
same for japanese, just use の at the end of the sentence and avoid repetition of nouns. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{私は黒いセーターを持っています。赤いのも持っています。} \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(i have a black sweater, i have a red one too) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
4. intend to do. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
(verb short form) + つもり = i intend to do (verb) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
u can also conjugate the verbs and つもりです for your tenses accordingly. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
週末 に たけしさん と テニス を する つもりです。 \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
(i intend to play tennis with takeshi this weekend) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
山下先生 は 明日 大学 に 来ない つもりです。 \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
(yamashita sensei intends to not go to university tommorow) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
5. なる \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
なる =\textgreater{} to become \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
to conjugate: \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
i adj: 可愛い =\textgreater{} 可愛いくなる \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
na adj/noun: \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
元気 =\textgreater{} 元気になる \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
風 =\textgreater{} 風になる \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
日本語の勉強 が 好きになりました \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
(i have grown fond of studying the japanese language) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
なる indicates a change, eg last time u dont like studying japanese, then now u like to, thus 好きになる。 \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 3)
6. どこか どこにも \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{we learnt that 何か\_\_ = something, 何\_\_も = not...  anything \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
similarly: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
誰か\_\_ = someone \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
誰\_\_も = not... anyone \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
どこか\_\_ = somewhere \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
どこ\_\_も = not... anywhere \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
the particles (へ に で...) can be placed in the underscores, may not be necessary. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
*sidenote: Xも must always be followed by negative. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
どこか へ 行きましたか。 \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
(did u go anywhere) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
いいえ、どこへも \seqsplit{行きませんでした。} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
(no i did not go anywhere) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
誰か に 会いましたか? \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
(did u see anybody?) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
いいえ、誰にも \seqsplit{会いませんでした。} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(no, i did not meet anybody) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
7. で \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
で particle + noun = (by the means of/ using) \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
はし で ご飯を食べます。 \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
(i ate lunch using chopsticks) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
日本 で 話しましょう \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
(lets talk in japanese) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
(lit: lets talk using japanese) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
バス で  駅まで行きました \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(i went to the station by bus) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
*extension side note: まで is used to talk about the journey instead of using に which talks about the destination. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
Genki chapter 11 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
1. want to \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
(verb stem) + たい = want to \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
verb stem is the ます conjugated verb without ます。 \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{今度の週末は、映画} (を/が) 見たいです。 \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
(this weekend, i want to see a movie) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{いつか中国に行きたいです。} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
(i want to go to china someday) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
u can use を or が particles when u use たい \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
たい conjugates as an い adj for past tense and negative forms \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
to say u have wanted to do something. use \seqsplit{たいと思っています} (u have the thought of wanting to do something for awhile now) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
u cannot say using たい: \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
"she wants to do something" \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
in 2nd/3rd person. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
reasoning is that u cannot assume that u know what the other person is thinking \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
rather, u quote what she said she wanna do. using と言っていました \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
メアリーさん は チベット に 行きたい と言っていました \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(mary said she wants to go to tibet) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
u can also say that u infer/observe that she wants to do something, using \seqsplit{たがっている。This} comes from the grammar point がる which will be covered in later chapters. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 4)
example: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
メアリーさん は 着物 を \seqsplit{着たがっています。} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
(it seems that mary wants to wear a kimono) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
2. listing verb examples \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
use A たり B たりする to show examples of activities A and B that u did. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
This differs from using te form as te form means that u follow a sequence and the list is exhaustive, whereas for たり theres no set order and the list u provide is nonexhaustive. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 4)
example: \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
大阪 で 買い物を したり、 晩ご飯 を 食べたります。 \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
(in osaka, i will do things such as shopping, and eating dinner) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
*extension: u can chain たり just like how u can chain も、て、と to list out more than 2 examples of what u did. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 3)
A たり B たり C たりする。 \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
to get the たり form, just add り to the past tense form of the predicate. eg する  =\textgreater{} したり \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 3)
3. experience of doing something. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
use (verb short form past tense) + ことがある = have the experience of. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{example: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
富士山 に 登った ことがあります。 \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
(i have had the experience of climbing mount fuji) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
たけしさん は 授業 を 休んだ \seqsplit{ことがありません。} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
(Takeshi has never been absent from classes) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
4. noun A や noun B \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
A や B = A and B, for example. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
京都 や 奈良 に行きました。 \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
(i went to kyoto and nara (for example, and may have visited other places as well) ) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
Genki chapter 12 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
1. explanatory tone \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
use んで to show an explanatory tone, instead of a reporting tone. Gives more context. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
明日 テスト が あります。(i have a test tomorrow) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
vs \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
明日 テスト が あるんです。(i have a test tomorrow (...so i cant go out tonight) ) \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
the second sentence gives an explanation for why u cant go out tonight, it gives context as opposed to the first sentence which just states u have a test tomorrow. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 4)
general form: \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
(short form) + んです。 \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
んです does not usually appear in past or negative forms. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{when it follows a noun or na adj, add な before んです。 \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
eg: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
静かなんです \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
学生なんです \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
んですか invites further clarification from the person u are talking to. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{どうしたんですか?} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
(what happened? (...u look sad pls explain)) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{猫が死んだんです。} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
(my cat died (...thats why i look so sad) ) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
のです is the same as んです just that it appears more in writing. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
2. too much \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
(verb stem) + すぎる = "too much". \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
すぎる conjugates as a ru verb. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{早く起きすぎました} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
(i got up too early) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{食べすぎてはいけません} \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
(you must not eat too much) \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
for i and na adj, drop the i and na, then add すぎる。 \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
この本 は 高すぎます。 \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
(this book is too expensive) \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
この町 は 静かすぎます。 \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
(this town is too quiet) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
note: すぎる is when something is beyond normal or proper, so saying 親切すぎる is not really a compliment. \newline % Row Count 32 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3. advice \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
ほうがいいです = "it is better (for you) to do ..." \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
gives advice. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
when advice is in the affirmative, it follows past tense, when advice is in the negative, it follows present tense. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{もっと野菜を食べた} \seqsplit{ほうがいいですよ。} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
(you better eat more vegetables) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
授業を休まない \seqsplit{ほうがいいですよ。} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
(its better to not skip class) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
4. ので \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
ので is the same as から where we learnt it before. it provides an explanation. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
(reason (short form))  ので (situation) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
when ので follows a na adj or noun, add な to ので。(just like んです) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
今日は日曜日 \seqsplit{なので、銀行は休みです。} \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
(today is a sunday, thats why the banks are closed) \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
5. must \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
use なければ いけません/ なきゃ いけません to say that it is necessary to do something, or "must". \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 3)
なきゃ is more colloquial and found more often in spoken language. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{example: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
試験があるから、 \seqsplit{勉強しなければいけません。} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
(i have to study, because there will be an exam) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
the な comes from the verb short form negative. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
for example: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
食べない =\textgreater{} 食べ \seqsplit{なければいけません。} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
u can conjugate the いけません into short, past, negative forms as well. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
6. probably \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
use でしょう to make a guess/ say probably. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
verb:  \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{明日は雨が降るでしょう。}  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
(it will probably rain tomorrow) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
i adj:  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{北海道は寒くないでしょう}  \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
(it is probably not cold in hokkaido) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
na adj: \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
山下先生は魚が 好きでしょう。 \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(yamashita sensei probably likes fish) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
noun:  \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{あの人はアメリカ人じゃないでしょう}  \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
(that person is probably not american) \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
*note that でしょう directly follows the na adj and nouns. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
でしょうか = asking a question that invites another persons opinion or guess. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 1 ( Unit 1 - 12 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\seqsplit{日本語と韓国ごと、どっちのほうが難しい} でしょうか? \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
(between japanese and korean, which do u think is more difficult?) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
short form is だろう, can be used to cautiously phrase a prediction or analysis \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{たけしさんは興味がある} だろう と思います。 \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
(i think takeshi would be interested in it) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
in casual exchanges, でしょう = right? \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
ジョン、 \seqsplit{中国語分かるでしょう}? \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
(john, you understand chinese, right?)% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 )}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Genki chapter 13 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
1. verb potential forms: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
to say that u have the ability to/ can do something \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
ru verbs: (ru =\textgreater{} rareru) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
見る =\textgreater{} 見られる \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
u verbs: (u =\textgreater{} eru) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
行く =\textgreater{} 行ける \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
話す =\textgreater{} 話せる \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
待つ =\textgreater{} 待てる \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
irregular: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
くる =\textgreater{} こられる \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
する =\textgreater{} できる \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
note: for ru verbs, sometimes people say (ru =\textgreater{} reru) as it is shorter. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
potential verbs conjugate the same way as ru verbs \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
私は日本語が 話せます。 \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
(i can speak japanese) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
私は 泳げない んです \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
(i cannot swim) \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
potential verbs also have te form: \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
見られる =\textgreater{} 見られて \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
for verbs with を particle: can use を or が particle for potential form. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
漢字を読む =\textgreater{} 漢字 を/が 読める \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
for できる, almost always change を to が. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
2. listing reasons \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
use し to list one or more reasons. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{general form: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
(reason 1) し、(reason 2) し、... (situation)。 \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
or \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
(situation)。(reason 1)し、 (reason 2)し ... 。 \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{日本語は面白いし、先生はいいし、私は日本語の授業が大好きです。} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
(i really like my japanese class, because japanese language is interesting, and our teacher is good) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\seqsplit{山下先生はいい先生です。教えるのが上手だし、親切だし。} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
(yamashita sensei is a good teacher. Because he is good at teaching, and he is kind.) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
you can use one し clause, to imply that it is not the only reason. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{物価が安いし、この町の生活は楽しいです。} \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
(life in this city is an easygoing one. Things are inexpensive, for one thing.) \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
し follows the short forms. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
3. it looks like... \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
add そうです to i and na adjectives to say it seems like.../it looks like... \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
i adj: (い =\textgreater{} そうです) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
おいしい =\textgreater{} おいしそうです \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
na adj: (add そうです) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{元気 =\textgreater{} 元気そうです \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
exception: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
いい =\textgreater{} よさそうです \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
examples: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{このりんごはおいしそうです} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
(this apple looks delicious) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{明日は天気がよさそうです} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
(it looks like the weather will be fine tomorrow) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
can also use そうです with negative forms of adjectives,  ない =\textgreater{} なさそうです \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{この本は難しくなそうです。} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
(this book does not look difficult.) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{ともこさんはテニスが上手じゃなさそうです。} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
(it does not look like tomoko is good at tennis) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
we can use adj + そう to qualify a noun. そう is a na adj, so we say そうな + noun. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{暖かそうなセーターを着ています。} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(she is wearing a warm-looking sweater) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
note: そうです is guesswork used only when u lack conclusive evidence, and its based on visual impressions, so u cannot say きれいそうです, because if it looks pretty, u have enough visual evidence to conclude that it is pretty. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 5)
4. trying something. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
use (verb) \textasciitilde{}てみる to say that u are "trying something". you are not sure of the outcome, but try it and see how it goes. "give it a try" \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{てみる conjugates as a ru verb \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
examples: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{漢字が分からなったので、日本人の友達に聞いてみました。} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
(i dont know the kanji, therefore i tried asking my japanese friend.) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{友達があの店のケーキはおいしいと言っていましたから、} \seqsplit{今度食べてみます。} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
(my friends say that the cake at that shop is good, so i will try it out someday. (and see if it is really the case that its good) ) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
5. なら \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
noun A なら X. means that the predicate X applies only to A and not more generally valid. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
To show contrast and limitation. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
Q: \seqsplit{ブラジルに行ったことがありますか}? \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
(have u been to brazil?) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
A: チリ なら \seqsplit{行ったことがありますが、ブラジルは行ったことがありません。} \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 3)
(ive been to chile but never to brazil) \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
Q: \seqsplit{日本語分かりますか}? \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
(do u understand japanese) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
A: ひらがな なら わかります。 \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
(if it is written in hiragana, yes) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
The first example shows a contrast between chile and brazil, showing that u been to chile but not brazil. For the second example, hiragana is brought up and contrasted with the language as a whole. \newline % Row Count 32 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{6. period and frequency \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
use (period) に (frequency) to show how many times u do something in eg. a month. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
私は 一週末に三回 髪を洗います。 \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
(i wash my hair 3 times a week) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
私は 一か月に一回 \seqsplit{家族に電話をかけます。} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
(i call my family once a month) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Genki chapter 14 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
1. desire to have \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
X が 欲しい = i want X \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
usually 欲しい uses が particle, but in negative sentences can also use は。 \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
いい漢字の辞書 が 欲しいです。 \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
(i want a good kanji dictionary) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
お金はあまり 欲しくないです \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
(i dont have much desire for money) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
limited to first person (private predicate) like たい, as we cannot explicitly know what the other person is thinking. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
so likewise, we can quote their speech using と言っています。 \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
or say that u are making a guess with でしょう。(X は Y が 欲しい でしょう。) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
or based on ur observations, using がる。(欲しがる, usually in this form: 欲しがっている) (particle used is now を instead of が) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{トムさん は 友達 を \seqsplit{欲しがっています。} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
( (i understand that) tom wants a friend)) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
2. possibility \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
use かもしれません to say probably, it is similar to でしょう。it follows the short form predicates. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
明日は雨が降る かもしれません。 \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
(it may rain tomorrow) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
3. giving and receiving \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
imagine a line: from left to right: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
I-{}-{}-{}-you-{}-{}-{}-others. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
going from left to right: use あげる。(I give to you, you give to others, I give to others, others give to others) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
going from right to left: use くれる (others give you, others give me, you give me) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
general form: \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
(giver) は/が (recipent) に (item) を あげる/くれる \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
私 は その女の人 に 花 を あげます。 \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
(i will give the woman flowers) \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
その女の人 は 男の人 に 時計 を あげました。 \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
(the woman gave the man a watch) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
両親 が 私 に 新しい車 を くれる かもしれません。 \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(my parents may give me a new car) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
for transactions described by くれる, we can use もらう to make the recipient the subject. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
general form: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
(recipient) は/が (giver) に/から (item) を もらう。 \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{私は姉に古い辞書を} もらいました。 \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
(i recieved an old dictionary from my sister) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
side note: the reason why u can only use もらう to replace くれる and not あげる is because of the line mentioned above, we can only make the recipient the subject if they are closer to us than the giver. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 5)
4. advice/recommendation たらどうですか \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
use (verb short past tense) + らどうですか to give advice/recommendation (may be shortened to たらどう/たら in casual speech) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
もっと勉強し たらどうですか。 \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(why dont you study harder?) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
薬を飲ん だらどうですか。 \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
(how about taking some medicine?) \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
it may sometimes imply a critical tone, like asking why havent they done this already, so safer to not use unless the person is asking for consultation/advice. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 4)
5. as many as, as few as/only \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
recall:  \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
to describe amount of nouns, its (noun) が/を + (counter) \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{example: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
猫が三匹。(3 cats) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
so if u want to say: as many as 3 cats, add a も after the counter. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
猫が三匹 も (as many as 3 cats) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
if u want to say only/as few as, add しか after the counter. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
猫が三匹 しか (as few as/only 3 cats) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Genki chapter 15 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
1. volitional form of verbs: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
its a more casual version of ましょう。 \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
ru verbs: (る =\textgreater{} よう) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
食べる =\textgreater{} 食べよう \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
u verbs: (う =\textgreater{} おう) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
行く =\textgreater{} 行こう \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
話す =\textgreater{} 話そう \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
irregular verbs: \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
くる =\textgreater{} こよう \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
する =\textgreater{} しよう \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
結婚しよう。 \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
(lets get married) \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
add か to say "shall...?"/suggestion. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
手伝おうか? \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
(shall i lend u a hand?) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
volitional form + と思っています to talk about our \seqsplit{determinations/intentions}. eg. "decided to/ going to" \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{example: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{毎日三時間日本語を} \seqsplit{勉強しようと思っています。} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
(im going to study japanese for 3 hours every day) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
volitional + と思います shows that u made the decision on the spot, whereas volitional + と思っています shows that u alr made the decision and is thinking about it for a while now. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
example: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
漢字の辞書を \seqsplit{買おうと思います。} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
(i will buy a kanji dictionary) (decision is made on the spot) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
漢字の辞書を \seqsplit{買おうと思っています。} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
(i am going to buy a kanji dictionary) (decision was already made) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
2. ておく \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
verb \textasciitilde{}ておく describes an action done in preparation for something, can be shortened to とく in speech. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{明日試験があるので、今晩} \seqsplit{勉強しておきます。} \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
(since theres a test tomorrow, i will study tonight (in preparation for it)) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
3. sentences can describe nouns \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
you can basically add a sentence with a noun and it will be describing the noun, its like one big noun phrase. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{example: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
これは \seqsplit{去年の誕生日に彼女がくれた本} です。 \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
(this is a book that my girlfriend gave me on my birthday last year.) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Genki chapter 16 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
1. do favours \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
we use \textasciitilde{}てあげる、 \textasciitilde{}てくれる、 \textasciitilde{}てもらう to express who gives favours. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
recall the line: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
I-{}-{}-{}-you-{}-{}-{}-others \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
てあげる follows the same way as あげる, left to right. likewise for てくれる, right to left. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
てあげる does not change the original meaning of the sentences, but it puts focus that the actions are done as a favour. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{私は妹にお金を貸し} てあげました \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
(i (generously) lent my sister money) (shows what u did as a favour) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
vs \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{私は妹にお金を貸しました} \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
(i lent my sister money) (objective statement) \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
likewise てくれる when someone does something for us (as a kind gesture/favour), you are the one benefitting from the favour given by others. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
友達が宿題を \seqsplit{手伝ってくれます。} \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
(my friend (kindly) helped me with my homework) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{use てもらう likewise. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
私は友達に宿題を \seqsplit{手伝ってもらいました。} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
(i got a friend of mine to help me with my homework) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
2. request \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
use \seqsplit{ていただけませんか} / てくれませんか / てくれない to make a request, from most polite to the least polite (casual). \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
examples: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
ちょっと \seqsplit{手伝っていただけませんか。} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
(would you lend me a hand?) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{ちょっと待ってくれませんか。} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
(would u wait a moment?) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{それ取ってくれない}? \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
(would u pick that thing up? (and pass it to me)) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
3. hope something nice happens \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
use (verb present tense short form) + \seqsplit{といいですね/といいね} to say you hope something nice happens (to somebody else). \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{いいアルバイトが見つかるといいですね。} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
(i hope you find a good part time job) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
to say what u hope for, for your own good, use: といいんですが / といいんだけど \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{試験が優しいといいんですが。} \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(i am hoping that the exam is easy) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
4. When A, B. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
use (sentence A (short form))時、(sentence B) to say: when A, B. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
use present tense for A if: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
at the time where B takes place, A is still current or in the future (havent taken place yet). It does not matter if B is in the past or present, only matters if A happens after B. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
example: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{チベット行く時、ビサを取りました。} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
(i had the visa issued when i was going to tibet) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
the visa was first issued, then u went to tibet. (the whole event is past tense, however, sentence A is in present tense as it occurs after B.) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{寝る時、コンタクトを取ります。} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
(i take out the contact lenses when i go to sleep) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
first u take out the contact lens, then u go to sleep, thats why sentence A is in present tense as it comes after B. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 3)
A also gets present tense when state of A holds when B occurs. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{寂しい時、友達に電話します。} \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
(when im lonely, i call my friends) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
A is in the present tense here as you feeling lonely is still true at the moment when u are calling ur friends. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{use past tense for A if: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
A is in the already in the past when B takes place. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{中国に行った時、ウーロン茶を買います。} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
(when i go to china, i will buy oolong tea) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
here, u go to china first then buy oolong tea, thats why A is past tense. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
5. apologise \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
use (verb) \seqsplit{て、すみませんでした} (polite)/ ごめん(casual) to describe the things u have done that u wanna apologise for. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{汚い言葉を使って、すみませんでした。} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
(im sorry for using foul language) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
when u wanna apologise for something u failed to do, use \textasciitilde{}なくて, the short negative te form of a verb. (verb short negative form, then the ない becomes なくて) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 4)
example: \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{宿題を持ってこなくて、すみませんでした。} \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
(i am sorry for not bringing the homework) \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
mini side note: adj to nouns \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
u can turn an i adj to a noun by changing the い to さ  \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
優しい =\textgreater{} 優しさ  \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(kind =\textgreater{} kindness) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
some na adj also can be changed to noun, by changing the な to さ \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
(eg 便利さ (convenience)) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Genki chapter 17 grammar notes \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
1. i have heard that... \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
(short form sentence) + そうです = i have heard that... \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
somebody says: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{日本語の授業は楽しいです。} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
(our japanese language class is fun) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
You can say: \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{日本語の授業は楽しいそうです。} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
(i have heard that their japanese language class is fun) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
*side note: the previous chapters usage of そうです to say it seems like... only applies to adjs, and the way they conjugate is different:  \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
for そうです = it seems like..., you remove the i and na at the end and add そうです。  \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
while そうです= i have heard that..., it uses short forms. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
(info source X) によると、 (short form sentence Y) そうです  \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
= According to X, i have heard that Y. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
天気予報 によると、 台風が来る そうです。 \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
(according to the weather forecast, a typhoon is approaching) \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. って \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
use って to replace そうです to quote what u heard in a casual way. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
also can use って instead of と to quote stuff (casual). eg と言っていました  =\textgreater{} って言っていた。 \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
3. たら conditional \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
(short past tense form A) たら、 B 。 \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
= If A, then B. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
the た comes from the past tense form of A. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{日本に行ったら、着物をかいます。} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
(if i go to japan, i will buy a kimono) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{天気がよかったら、散歩にいきます。} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
(if the weather is good, i will go for a walk) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
*restriction: it follows a set sequence where A must always come before B. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
eg, cannot say: "if u have a test next week, u should study today" using たら, even tho it makes sense in english. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\textgreater{} if A is very likely to be true, then you can treat たら as a sequence: when A, then B. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
a) context: you are very likely to get home by tonight: \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{今晩、うちに帰ったら、電話します。} \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
(tonight, when i get home, i will call you.) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
b) context: you are uncertain if u can return home by tonight. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\seqsplit{今晩、うちに帰ったら、電話します。} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
(tonight, if i get home, i will call you.) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
a) and b) have the same sentence but diff meaning in context. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\textgreater{} たら can also be used for purely hypothetical scenarios that may never even happen in real life. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{私が猫だったら、一日中寝ているでしょう。} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
(if i were a cat, i would be asleep all day long) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
4. なくてもいいです \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
to say u dont need to do something use \seqsplit{なくてもいいです。} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
(ない =\textgreater{} なくて =\textgreater{} \seqsplit{なくてもいいです)} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{靴を脱がなくてもいいです。} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
(you dont need to take off ur shoes) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
5. is like \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(noun A) + みたいです = it resembles/is like A. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{あの人はゴリラみたいです。} \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
(that person is like a gorilla) \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
(verb short form) + みたいです = it looks like ... \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{雨が降ったみたいです。} \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
(it looks like it has rained) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{6. before and after \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
前に: before \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
(verb A short form present tense)前に、 (verb B)  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
= before A, B. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
前に is like 之前 in chinese. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{国に帰る前に、もう一度東京にいきます。} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
(Before I go back home, I will go to tokyo one more time) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
てから: after \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
(verb A te form) から、 (verb B) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
 = A, and then B. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{勉強してから、友達に手紙をかきました。} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
(i studied, and then i wrote letters to my friends) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
Genki chapter 18 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
1. transitive and intransitive verbs \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
There are two types of verbs, transitive (need a direct subject/object) and intransitive (only needs an object) \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
つける (to turn on) (transitive verb): \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{たけしさんが電気をつけました。} \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
(takeshi turned the light on) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
つく (something goes on) (intransitive verb): \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{電気がつきました。} \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(the light went on) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
note that intransitive does not need a subject, only needs object. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
when used with ている, for transitive verbs, they describe actions in progress (verb -ing form in english), but for intransitive verbs, they describe change in state. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
example: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{ロバーとさんは窓を} 開けています。 \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
(robert is opening the windows) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
ドアが 開いています。 \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
(the door is open) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
2. てしまう \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
te form of verb + しまう。 \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
has 2 meanings: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
1. done something completely/finish doing something: \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
本を \seqsplit{読んでしまいました。} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
(i read the book completely) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
2. means "regrettably"/ comes with the sense of regret, something regrettable happens. (like an "oh shit..." feeling) \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 3)
example: \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{電車の中にかばんを} \seqsplit{忘れてしまいました。} \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
(i inadvertently left my bag on the train) \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
((oh shit... i left my bag on the train)) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
infer the which of the two meanings is used based on context. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{in speech, てしまう and でしまう is shortened to ちゃう and じゃう respectively. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
3. Whenever A happens, B happens too \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
sentence A (short form present tense) + と + sentence B  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
= whenever A happens, B happens too. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
道が込んでいる と 時間がかかる。 \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
(whenever the streets are crowded, it takes longer to get there) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
sometimes theres cause and effect relationship. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{メアリーさんが国に帰る} と 寂しくなります。 \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
(if mary goes back home, we will be lonely) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
sentence B must follow the event described sentence A, basically there must be a link between the sentences. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
4. at the same time \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
verb A (masu stem) + ながら + verb B  \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
= verb A and B, at the same time. (by the same person) \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
私はいつも 音楽を聞き ながら \seqsplit{日本語を勉強します。} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
(i always listen to music while studying japanese) \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
5. i wish i had done... \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
use verb + ばよかったです to say u wish u had done (verb). \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{to conjugate: remove the final u and add -eba (works for all verbs) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
食べる =\textgreater{} 食べれら \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
行く =\textgreater{} 行けば \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
する =\textgreater{} すれば \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
example sentence: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
傘を \seqsplit{持ってくればよかった。} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
(i wish i brought an umbrella) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Genki chapter 19 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
1. honorific verbs \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
they are used to describe the actions of ppl you respect. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
(いる/行く/来る =\textgreater{} いらっしゃる) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
先生は今日学校に \seqsplit{いらっしゃいません。} (The professor will not go to/come to/be at school) (context based) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
(食べる/飲む =\textgreater{} 召し上がる) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
何を \seqsplit{召し上がりますか?} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(what will you eat/drink?) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
for verbs without special honorific forms, we can: \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2)
1. change verb + ている to verb + \seqsplit{ていらっしゃいます} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
先生を電話で \seqsplit{話していらっしゃいます。} \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
(the professor is talking on the phone) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
2. use お + (verb masu stem) + になる \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{example: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
先生はもう お 帰り になりました。 \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
(the professor has already gone home) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
2. giving respectful advice \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
to give respectful advice/command: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
お + (verb masu stem) +ください \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
切符を お取りください \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
(please take a ticket) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
with most \textasciitilde{}する verbs, use ご instead. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
(verb: 注意する) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
ご注意くだいさい \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
(please watch out.) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
3. thank you for .... (action) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
(verb て) + くれてありがとう \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
= thank you for doing (verb). \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{手伝ってくれてありがとう。} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
(thanks for helping me out) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
the honorific form is (verb て) + くださって ありがとう ございました。 \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{推薦状を書いてくださって} ありがとう ございました。 \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
(thank you for writing me a recommendation letter) \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
4. im glad that ... \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
(verb て) よかったです。 \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
= u are glad that (verb). \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{example: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
日本語を \seqsplit{勉強してよかったです。} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
(i am glad that i have studied japanese) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
5. supposed to \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
(sentence short form) + はずです。  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
= it is supposed to be the case. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{今日は日曜日から、銀行はしまっている} はずです。 \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
(Because today is a sunday, banks are supposed to be closed.) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
はずです = supposed to be. it is a very likely guess that you make. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
example of はずです past tense: \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
先週電話をもらう はずでした \seqsplit{が、電話がありませんでした。} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
(i was supposed to receive a phone call last week, but i did not) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
はずです conjugates with adj and nouns in this manner: \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
i adj: 面白い =\textgreater{} 面白い はずです \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
na adj: 元気 =\textgreater{} 元気な はずです \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
nouns: 日本人 =\textgreater{} 日本人の はずです \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
Genki chapter 20 grammar notes \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
1. extra modest expressions \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
used to lower ur status and elavate the listeners status. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
私は来年も日本に おります。 (います =\textgreater{} おります) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(i will be in japan next year too) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
お手洗いは二階 でごいざいます。 (です =\textgreater{} でございます) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
(The bathroom is on the second floor) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
2. humble expressions \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
To lower your own status and raise the subject in your sentence's status \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
general form: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
お + (verb masu stem) + する。 \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
for \textasciitilde{}する verbs, usually ご instead of お \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
私は昨日先生に お会いしました。 \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
(i met my professor yesterday) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
for もらう, =\textgreater{} いただきます \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{私は先生にこの本を} いただきました。 \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
(i received this book from my professor) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
for あげる, =\textgreater{} さしあげる \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
私は先生に花を さしあげます。 \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
(i will give my professor flowers) \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
use the verb うかがう to be humble in both visiting and asking questions. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
私は先生のお宅に うかがいました。 \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
(i visited my professors house) \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{私は先生にテストついて} うかがいました。 \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
(i asked my professor about the exam) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{note that the extra modest form raises the listeners status, whereas humble form raises the subjects status (for example the sensei u are referring to in ur sentence) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
3. without doing X \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
verb + ないで = without doing X \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{昨日の夜は、寝ないで、勉強しました。} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
(last night, i studied without any sleep) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
4. questions within larger sentences \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
you can include questions within larger sentences. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
山下先生は 昨日何を食べたか 覚えていません。 \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
(professor yamashita does not remember what he ate yesterday) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
5. the name of objects. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
(name) という (object) = the object called "name". \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
ポチという犬。 (the dog called "pochi") \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
6. easy/hard to do \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
(verb masu stem) + やすい/にくい = (verb) is easy/hard to do. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
examples: \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{この電子辞書は使い} やすいです。 \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
(this electronic dictionary is easy to use) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{骨が多いので、魚は食べ} にくいです。 \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(because there are many bones, fish are hard to eat) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
この町はとても 住みやすいです。 \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
(this town is very easy to live in) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
note that it refers to the psychological state of whether it is easy/hard to do \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
この雑誌は 買いにくい。 \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
(this magazine is hard to buy. (because im embarrassed by its contents)) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
vs \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
この雑誌を 買うのは難しい。 \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
(this magazine is hard to buy. (because it is rare and hard to find in circulation) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
Genki chapter 21 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
1. Passive sentences \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
general form: \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
X は Y に (verb passive form) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
= X had (verb) done to him by Y. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
verb conjugation: \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
ru verb: (ru =\textgreater{} rareru) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
食べる =\textgreater{} 食べられる \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
u verbs: (u =\textgreater{} areru) \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
行く =\textgreater{} 行かれる \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
irregular: \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
くる =\textgreater{} こられる \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
する =\textgreater{} される \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
passive form of verbs conjugate as ru verbs. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
in most passive sentences, the "victim" X is unfavourably affected by the person Y. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{example: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
たけしさん は メアリーさん に よく 笑われます。 \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
(takeshi is often laughed at by mary) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
sometimes the sentence may be neutral. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
私 は その人に デートに 誘われました。 \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
(i was asked out by that person for a date) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
2. てある \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
its kind of like an intransitive form of ている。 \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
also implies that something has been brought about on purpose by somebody. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
窓 が 閉めてあります。 \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
(the window is closed (by somebody, and is still closed till now)) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
vs \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
窓 が 閉まっています。 \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(the window is closed (just a statement that it is closed)) \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
3. 間に \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
general form: \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
A (ている) 間に B. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
(in the middle of/while A, B) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{お風呂に入っている} 間に \seqsplit{電話がありました。} \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
(there was a phone call while i was taking my bath) \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{A can be a noun: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
留守の 間に 友達が来ました。 \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
(while i was absent, my friends came) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
for the above, B lasts for a short duration. if B extends throughout the time A occurs, use 間 \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{ルームメートがメールを書いている} 間、 \seqsplit{私は本を読んで待ちました。} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
(while my roommate was writing a mail, i waited, reading a book) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
4. to make. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
(adj) + する =  to make something (adj) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
similar to なる and its conjugations too. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
i adj: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
冷たい =\textgreater{} 冷たくする。 \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
(to make something cold/colder) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
na adj: \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
簡単な =\textgreater{} 簡単にする。 \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
(to make something simple/simpler) \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
部屋を \seqsplit{きれいにしました。} \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
(i made the room clean) \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
5. i want him to do... \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
(私は) person に (verb) て欲しい。 \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
= i want person to do (verb) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
私 は ルームメート に \seqsplit{宿題を手伝って欲しいです。} \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
(i want my roomate to help me with my homework) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{u can say i dont want him to do X by negating the 欲しい to 欲しくない or by making the verb negative + 欲しい。 \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
Genki chapter 22 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
1. causative form \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
causative form of verb: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
ru verb: (ru =\textgreater{} saseru) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
食べる =\textgreater{} 食べさせる \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
u verb: (u =\textgreater{} aseru) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
行く =\textgreater{} 行かせる \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
irregular: \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
くる =\textgreater{} こさせる \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
する =\textgreater{} させる \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
general form: \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
X は Y に (causative verb) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
= X made/let Y do (verb). \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
"made/let" depends on context. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{お父さんは子供に野菜を} 食べさせました。 \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
(the father made/let the child eat vegetables) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
causative form conjugates like ru verb. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
if got \textasciitilde{}てあげる、てくれる、てもらう, usually is let. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
(casuative verb) てください just means pls let me do (verb) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
2. command \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
(verb masu stem) + なさい = a command to do (verb). \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
may sound like u are "talking down" to somebody. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{examples: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
うちに毎日 電話しなさい。 \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
(call home everyday) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
文句を言うのを やめなさい。 \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
(stop complaining) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
3. ば conditional \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
A ば B = If A, then B. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
conjugation: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
all positive verbs: (u =\textgreater{} eba) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
食べる =\textgreater{} 食べれば \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
行く =\textgreater{} 行けば \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
negative verbs: (nai =\textgreater{} nakereba) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
行かない = 行かなければ \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
ば is usually used when B is a "good result"/favourable outcome. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
この薬を飲め ば 大丈夫です。 \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
(if u drink this medicine, u will be okay) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
however u cannot say "if u dont drink this medicine u will die" using ば cuz the outcome is unfavourable. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
4. despite \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
(short form A) のに B  \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
= despite the fact that A, B. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
both A and B must be facts \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{この会社はお金がある} \seqsplit{のに、給料は安いです。} \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
(Although the company is rich, the workers salaries are low) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{when A ends in na adj or noun, add a な at the end of A to become なのに. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
5. is like / do something like... \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
(noun A) のような (noun B) = A is similar to/like B (in appearance/quality) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
私は 鎌倉のような町 が好きです。 \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
(i like towns like kamakura) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
(noun A) のように (verb/adj) = \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
does (verb) like A / has characteristic (adj) like A. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
メアリーさんは \seqsplit{魚のように泳げます。} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
(mary can swim like a fish) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
私は \seqsplit{孫悟空のように強いです。} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
(i am strong like son goku) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
Genki chapter 23 grammar notes: \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
1. causative passive sentences \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
general form: \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
X は Y に (causative passive verb) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
= X was forced/ordered by Y to do (verb) \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
ゆみは お母さんに \seqsplit{勉強させられました。} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
(yumi was ordered by her mother to study.) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
conjugation rules: \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
ru verbs: (ru =\textgreater{} sase rareru) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
食べる =\textgreater{} 食べさせられる \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
u verbs that end in す: (su =\textgreater{} sase rareru) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{話す =\textgreater{} 話させられる \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
all the other u verbs: (u =\textgreater{} asare ru) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
行く =\textgreater{} 行かされる \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
irregular: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
くる =\textgreater{} こさせられる \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
する =\textgreater{} させられる \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
2. even if... \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
A ても、B = even if A, B \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
A is in te-form. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{雨が降っても、ピクニックにいきます。} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
(even if it rains, i will go on a picnic) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
3. decide to do \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
(verb short form present tense) + ことにする = decide to do (verb) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{車を買うことにしました。} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
(we have decided to buy a car) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
sometimes volitional form is used eg. \seqsplit{行くことにしましょう。also} means lets do (verb), but has implication that u gave some deliberation. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
(verb) + ことにしている  \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
= do (verb) as a regular practice. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
絶対にお酒を \seqsplit{飲まないことにしています。} \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
(i have made this firm decision not to drink alcohol and have strictly followed it) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
4. until \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genki 2 (Unit 13 - 23 ) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{A まで、B = until A, continue B. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
晴れる \seqsplit{まで、喫茶店で待ちます。} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
(until the sky is clear, i will wait in the coffee shop) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
5. the way of... \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
方 is like 方式 in chinese. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
(verb masu stem) + 方 = the way of doing (verb) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
example: \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
考え方 (the way people think) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
nouns that come before the verb the を particle changes to の. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
example: \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
漢字を読む =\textgreater{} 漢字の読方 (the way of reading kanji) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
for \textasciitilde{}する verbs, becomes \textasciitilde{}のし方. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
example:  \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
日本語を勉強する =\textgreater{} \seqsplit{日本語の勉強のし方。} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
(the way of studying japanese)% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}