\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{piyamajithia}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (the-nervous-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (piyamajithia)
  /Subject (the nervous system Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{F2BED1}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{FBEEF3}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{the nervous system Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{piyamajithia} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/188208/cs/39248/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}piyamajithia \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/piyamajithia} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 17th June, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{neurons.}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{✓ neurons are excitable cells. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
✓ neuroglial cells protect, support and nourish the neurons. (more than one half volume of neural tissue) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
✓{\bf{nissl granules}} are the granular bodies also present in branched projections of the cell body called {\bf{dendrites.}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
✓ dendrites transmit impulses towards cell body \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
✓distal branched ends of {\bf{axon}} are bulb-like structures called {\bf{synaptic knob}}. they possess vesicles that release neurotransmitters. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
✓ axons transmit nerve impulse away from cell body to {\bf{synapse}} a neuro-muscular junction.% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\emph{types of axons}} \newline 1. {\bf{myelinated nerve fibres.}} \newline     schwann cells that form a myelin sheath around the axon. \newline     gaps b/w two adjacent myelin sheaths are {\bf{nodes of ranvier}} \newline     these nerves are found in spinal and cranial nerves. \newline  \newline 2. {\bf{unmyelinated nerve fibre}} \newline schwann cellls present but do not form a myelin shetah. \newline found in ANS and SNS.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{hindbrain}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{➤ {\bf{pons}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-consists of fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of the brain \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
➤ {\bf{cerebellum}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
-provides additional space for more neurons \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
➤{\bf{medulla}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
-connected to the spinal cord \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
-centres that control respiration, cardiovascular reflex, gastric secretions \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
➤{\bf{brain stem}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
-midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ear}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{➤ {\bf{1. outer ear}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-{\bf{pinna and external auditory meatus (canal)}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
-pinna collects vibrations in the air \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
-canal has fine hairs and wax-secreting ceruminous gland \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
-{\bf{tympanic membrane}} composed of connective tissue with skin outsde and mucus membrane inside. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
➤{\bf{2. middle ear}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
-3 ossicles called malleus, incus, stapes. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
-malleus attached to tympanic membrane and stapes to oval window of the {\bf{cochlea}} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
-{\bf{eustachian tube}} connects the middle ear cavity to {\bf{pharynx}}  \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
-it helps in equalizing the pressures  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
➤{\bf{3. inner ear}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
-fluid filled ear is called {\bf{labyrinth}} which can be divided into bony and membranous \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
-bony labyrinth is a series of channels inside which lies membranous labyrinth surrounded by {\bf{perilymph}} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 3)
-membranous labyrinth is filled with the fluid {\bf{endolymph}} \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
-coiled portion of the labyrinth is called {\bf{cochlea}} \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
-{\bf{reissner's and basilar}} divide the perilymph into upper scala vestibuli and lower scala vestibuli \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 3)
-space within cochlea is called scala media \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
-{\bf{organ of corti}} is located on the basilar membrane contains hair cells acting as auditory receptors.% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.03122 cm} x{0.9099 cm} x{1.09188 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{types of neurons}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{unipolar}} & {\emph{bipolar}} & {\emph{multipolar}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1 axon only & 1 axon & 1 axon \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
0 dendrites & 1 dendrite & 2/more dendrites \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
embryonic stage & retina of eye & cerebral coretx \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{brain overview.}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{✓ information processing organ- command and control system \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
✓voluntary and involunatary movements, balance, thermoregulation,hunger thirst, circadian, endocrine and behaviour. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
✓cranial meninges- outer layer {\bf{dura mater}}, thin middle layer {\bf{arachanoid}}, inner layer in contact with brain tissue {\bf{pia mater}}% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{midbrain}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-located between {\bf{hypothalamus}} of the forbrain and {\bf{pons}} of the hindbrain \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
-{\bf{cerebral aqueduct}}, a canal passes through midbrain \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
-dorsal portion consists of 4 round lobes called {\bf{corpora quadrigemina}}% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{! important info !}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{- cranial nerves (12 pairs) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- spinal nerves ( 31 pairs) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
➤reflex pathway. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
-atleast 1 afferent neuron (receptor) and one efferent neuron in series. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
-afferent neuron receives signal from sensory organ via dorsal nerve root into CNS \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- efferent neurons then carry the signals from CNS to effector and this mechanism is called the {\bf{reflex arc}}% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{2.16279 cm} x{1.27021 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{rods and cones}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
rods & cones \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
scotopic & photopic \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
rhodopsin & red light \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
derived from vit. A & green light \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
opsin + retinal & blue light \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{generates action potentials in ganglion cells through bipolar cells} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ear pt.2}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{-basal end of hair is in close contact with the afferent nerves \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
-a large no. of processes called stereo cilia are projected from the apical part of ech hair cell. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
-thin elastic membrane above hair cells {\bf{tectorial membrane}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
-above the cochlea, a complex system called {\bf{vestibular apparatus}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
which is composed of {\bf{3 semi-circular canals}} and {\bf{otolith}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
-projecting ridge containing hair cells {\bf{crista ampullaris}}  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
-saccule and utricle contain a projecting ridge called {\bf{macula}} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
-crista and macula are specific receptorsof vestibular apparatus. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
maintenance of body and posture% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{generation and conduction of nerve impulses}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{✓ ion channels are {\bf{selectively permeable}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
1. {\emph{resting state}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
K+ more permeable and Na+, -ve proteins impermeable. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
axoplasm inside has high conc of K+ and -ve proteins and low conc of Na+. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
ECF (extra cellular fluid) has low K+ and -ve proteins but more Na+ therefore forms a {\bf{concentration gradient}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
ionic gradient maintained by {\emph{active transport}} and sodium potassium pup by 3Na+ out 2K+ in. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
{\emph{outer}} surface = +ve charge           {\emph{inner}} surface+ -ve charge \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
{\bf{polarised state has a potential difference of -70mV}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
{\bf{resting potential}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
2. {\emph{depolarisation}} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
site permeable to Na+ causing rapid influx therefore {\bf{reversal of polarity}} \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
{\emph{outer}} = -ve charge {\emph{inner}}= +ve charge \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
this is now called {\bf{action potential}} or nerve impulse \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
3. {\emph{repolarisation}}  \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
Na+ permeability was short lived, therefore, followed by a rise in permeabilty of K+ \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 2)
where K+ diffuses outside restoring the resting potential.% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{parts of an eye}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{➤ {\bf{1. sclera}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-dense connective tissue \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
-anterior portion turns transparent and is then called {\bf{cornea}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
➤{\bf{2. choroid}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
-middle layer, many blood vessels \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
-thin posterior, anterior thick which forms the {\bf{ciliary body}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
➤{\bf{3. ciliary body}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
-continues forward to form a pigmented opaque structure {\bf{iris}} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
-eye call contains transparent crystalline lens held in place by ligaments \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
➤{\bf{4.retina}} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
-3 layer of neural cells {\bf{ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
-blind spot = no photoreceptor cells present \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
-macula lutea- fovea, concentration of cones \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
-space b/w cornea and lens= {\bf{aqueous chamber}} containing aqeuous humor \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
- space b/w lens and retina = {\bf{vitreous chamber}}% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{forebrain}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{➤ {\bf{cerebrum}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- 2 halves called the left and right cerebral hemispheres \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
- tract of nerve fibres that connect the hemispheres {\bf{corpus callosum}} covered with myelin sheath, giving whitish appearance therefore called {\bf{white matter}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
-layer that covers cerebral hemisphere and forms prominent folds is {\bf{cerebral cortex}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
-cerebral cortex referred to as {\bf{grey matter}} due to concentration of neurons there. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
-contains motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas (neither motor nor sensory) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
-cerebral cortex is responsible for intersensory associations, memory and communication. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
➤ {\bf{thalamus}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
-cerebrum wraps around this structure \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
- major coordinating structure for sensory and motor signaling \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
➤ {\bf{hypothalamus}} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
-lies at the base of thalamus \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
-body temp, eating, thirst \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
-groups of neurosecretory cells secrete hormones called {\emph{hypothalamic hormones}} \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
➤limbic system \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
-inner parts of cerebral hemispheres and structures like {\bf{amygdala}}, {\bf{hippocampus}}, etc \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
-along with hypothalamus involved in rage, pleasure, motivation, sexual behaviour% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{nose and tongue}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{➤ {\bf{nose}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-contains mucus-coated receptors called {\bf{olfactory receptors}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
-made of olfactory epithelium that consist of 3 kinds of cells \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
-neurons of olfactory epithelium extend directly in broad bean-sized organs called {\bf{olfactory bulb}} this is an extension of the brain's limbic system. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
➤ {\bf{tongue}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
-detection through tastebuds that contain {\bf{gustatory receptors}} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
-both nose and tongue detect dissolved chemicals.% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}