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% Document Info
\author{Phoebe Zhang (Phoebe12)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (geographical-skills.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Phoebe Zhang (Phoebe12))
  /Subject (Geographical Skills Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Geographical Skills Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Phoebe Zhang (Phoebe12)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/30133/cs/14938/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Phoebe Zhang (Phoebe12) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/phoebe12} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 1st March, 2018.\\
   Updated 1st March, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spatial distribution and association}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The most common patterns formed are known as linear, scattered and clustered.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Linear distribution}}: eg. lined along the coast} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Scattered distribution}}: eg. central Australia} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Clustered distribution}}: eg. large urban settlements} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Geographers also compare the distribution patterns of geographical features and look for connections between them.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thematic maps}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Environment maps} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Environment maps show the natural features of the Earth such as land cover, mountains, rivers, deserts, lakes, seas and oceans. They also show urban areas and cropland.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Physical maps} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Physical maps show the natural features of the Earth such as mountains, rivers, deserts, lakes, seas and oceans. They also show the height of the land and depth of the sea by using different colours.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Cadastral maps} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Political maps show the human features of the Earth such as country, state and territory borders, cities and towns.} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Dot distribution maps} \tn 
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Dot distribution maps use dots to represent a single feature. The dots show the location of the chosen features, are the size and colours of the dots can show different characteristics of that feature. When combined on a map, the dots form a spatial pattern.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Synoptic charts} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Weather maps show conditions in the atmostphere such as air pressure, wind speed and wind direction. They also show the size and location of warm and cold fronts.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Choropleth maps} \tn 
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% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Choropleth maps use different shades of the same colour to give a quick impression of the data being shown. Darker shades show the highest values while lighter shades show the lowest values or least amounts.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thematic maps (cont)}}  \tn
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% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Flow maps show movement from one place to another. These maps are useful for showing the movement of goods, migration of people and animals, and transport and communications. Often the number of people or goods is shown by using lines of different widths or colours.} \tn 
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% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Isoline maps} \tn 
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% Row 15
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Isoline maps use lines to join places of equal value for a given feature:} \tn 
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% Row 16
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isobars = air pressure & isohyets = rainfall \tn 
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% Row 17
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isotherms = temperature & contours = height above sea level \tn 
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% Row 18
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Grid references}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The vertical lines are called eastings and are numbered towards the east. The horizontal lines are called northings and are numbered towards the north.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{In defining a 6-figure grid reference, the first three digits refer to the eastings and the last three digits to the northings.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The first two digits refer to the numbers on the grid lines; the third digit is obtained by dividing the grid square into tenths.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Eastings are always stated before the northings. The six digits are given without any spaces, commas or full stops.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Latitude and longitude}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Lines that run from east to west are referred to as latitude and lines that run from north to south are called longitude.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The equator is 0\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{} and the lines are numbered according to their distance north and south of this line.} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The Tropic of Cancer is located at 23\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{} 30'N and the Tropic of Capricorn is located at 23\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{} 30'S.} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The Arctic Circle is located at 66\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{} 30'N and the Antarctic Circle at 66\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{} 30'S.} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The lines of longitude are called meridians.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Each degree is further divided into 60 minutes to make measurement even more accurate.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{In 1884 the Royal Geographical Society met in Greenwich, London and established a common system, with 0\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{} longitude (Prime Meridian) centred on Greenwich. \newline  \newline The meridians of longitude meet at 180\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{}, which is the International Date Line.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Topographic mapping}}  \tn
% Row 0
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The height between contour lines is called the contour interval.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When contours are close together, this indicates that the land is steep. When they are far apart, this means the land is flatter.} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Cross-sections can be constructed across contour lines revealing the shape of the land in profile.} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Round hill or volcano}}: concentric rings} \tn 
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% Row 5
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% Row 6
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Spur}}: sharp and obtrusive contour lines} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cliff}}: sudden close contour lines} \tn 
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% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Plateau}}: no contour lines near centre} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Concepts}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Environment}}: the product of physical processes such as geological, atmospheric, hydrological, geomorphic, biotic processes as well as human influences.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Change}}: any alteration to the natural or human aspects of places and environments over time and space (long term and short term).} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Interconnection}}: the way that people and/or geographical phenomena are connected to each other through natural processes and human activities.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sustainability}}: human activities being managed in a way that ensure an environment can be maintained in the long term.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{G}}ross {\bf{N}}ational {\bf{P}}roduct}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{noun: the total value of goods produced and services provided by a country during one year, equal to the gross domestic product plus the net income from foreign investments.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Scale}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{There are four ways of stating scale:} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Scale statement}}, eg. one centimetre represents 100,000 cm or 1 km.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Representative fraction/ratio}}, eg: 1/100 000 or 1:100 000} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Linear/Line scale}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Local scale}} - i.e. a local park, suburb, town or rural area} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Regional scale}} - i.e. a larger geographical area} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{National scale}} - i.e. a single country} \tn 
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{International scale}} - i.e. two or more countries around the world} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Global scale}} - i.e. the entire planet} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mapping skills}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A map is a graphic representation of a part of the earth's surface, drawn to scale.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{BOLTSSAN:}}} \tn 
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% Row 2
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{\bf{B}}order & {\bf{S}}cale \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{O}}rientation & {\bf{S}}ource \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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{\bf{L}}egend & {\bf{A}}ccuracy \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{T}}itle & {\bf{N}}eatness \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{STEEPH (SHEEP) factors}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Social}}: population size, dynamics, education, health, living conditions, crime, cultural, language, religion, workforce, ethnicity, class and gender.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Technological}}: technology, skills, crafts and knowledge.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Economic}}: wealth, profits, employment, investment, exports, trade balances, debt, taxes, currency, exchange rates, inflation, Gross National Product, wages and the costs of commodities and services.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Environmental}}: urban spaces, transport facilities, infrastructure, biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, climate, rocks, minerals, soil, air, landforms, flora and fauna.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Political}}: laws, policies, regulations, tariffs, taxes, zoning, government controls, treaties and trade embargoes.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Historical}}: those factors which may not be operating today, but have occured in the past and have left a lasting impact.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Direction and bearings}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{North, south, east and west are called the cardinal points. The points that give us a more specific indication of direction are the \seqsplit{intermediate/sub-cardinal} points.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{True north}}: is the direction towards the earth's geographic North Pole.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Magnetic north}}: is the direction in which the magnetic compass needle points.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Grid north}}: is the direction of the vertical lines on a topographic map.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Compass bearings can also be used to state the direction of one place from another. They are calculated by measuring the angle, from the north, between the two points.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The bearing is calculated from a straight line constructed from the point of reference towards north, read in a clockwise direction. Due north is zero degrees.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Direction should be expressed in lower case unless part of a proper noun. It can be abbreviated to capitals in geographic media or when stating latitude and longitude, but should be expressed in complete form in text.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defining location}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Absolute location can be given as grid reference coordinates, in latitude and longitude or as an address.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{More commonly, location is expressed as a relative location from another feature such as a capital, the CBD or the nearest post office, or adjoining countries, seas or oceans, or the direction within a general region.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{To describe the location of a place accurately it is good to use a combination of these methods.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.19002 cm} x{1.60195 cm} x{1.78503 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Distribution vocabulary}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
clustered & linear & dispersed \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
rows & random & parallel \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
grid & trellised & radial \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
dendritic & nucleated & dense \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
sparse & concentrated & predominantly \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}