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% Document Info
\author{peaceknight05}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (physical-quantities-units-and-measurement.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (peaceknight05)
  /Subject (Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Physical Quantities, Units and Measurement Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{peaceknight05} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/126547/cs/24527/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}peaceknight05 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/peaceknight05} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 29th September, 2020.\\
   Updated 11th October, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Physical Quantities}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Physical attributes that are measurable are known as {\bf{Physical Quantities}}. A physical quantity always consists of a numerical {\bf{magnitude}} and a {\bf{unit}}.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Examples of Physical Quantities}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{200 km} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{12.3 dB} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{23 Hz} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{47.3 °C} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{300 kN} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Accuracy of Measurement}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Accuracy}} refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Precision}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Precision}} refers to the closeness of two \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
or more measurements to each other.% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Random Errors}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It occurs in all measurements. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
It occurs whenever an observer estimates the last figure of a reading on an instrument. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Causes: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- human reaction time \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- background noise \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- mechanical vibrations \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
It cannot be predicted. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
It can be reduced by taking large numbers of readings and averaging them.% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Systematic Errors}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It is not random but constant. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
It may cause an observer to consistently underestimate or overestimate a reading. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Causes: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- zero error of an instrument: any indication that a measuring system gives a false reading when the true value of a measured quantity is zero \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
It can be eliminated if we know the sources of the errors.% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Taking Measurements}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Different measuring instruments are used for measuring different quantities. The choice of instrument will affect the precision of the measurement we obtain. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
The precision of an instrument is usually equal to the smallest division of the instrument with a few exceptions such as the thermometer, ammeter and voltmeter.% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SI Units and Base Quantities}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The {\emph{International System of Units}} is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
It is comprised of a system of units built on seven {\bf{base units}}.% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.88351 cm} x{1.23579 cm} p{0.4577 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Seven Base Units}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Length & metre & m \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Mass & kilogram & kg \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Time & second & s \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Electric Current & ampere & A \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Temperature & kelvin & K \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Amount of Substance & mole & mol \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Luminous Intensity & candela & cd \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.84609 cm} x{4.13091 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions of Base Units}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{second} & The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency ΔνCs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom, to be 9,192,631,770 when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s\textasciicircum{}−1\textasciicircum{}. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
metre & The metre, symbol m, is the SI unit of length. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the speed of light in vacuum c to be 299,792,458 when expressed in the unit m⋅s\textasciicircum{}−1\textasciicircum{}, where the second is defined in terms of the caesium frequency ΔνCs. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{kilogram} & The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10\textasciicircum{}−34\textasciicircum{} when expressed in the unit J⋅s, which is equal to kg⋅m\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}⋅s\textasciicircum{}−1\textasciicircum{}, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ΔνCs. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 9)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{ampere} & The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10\textasciicircum{}−19\textasciicircum{} when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A⋅s, where the second is defined in terms of ΔνCs. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.84609 cm} x{4.13091 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions of Base Units (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{kelvin} & The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10\textasciicircum{}−23\textasciicircum{} when expressed in the unit J⋅K\textasciicircum{}−1\textasciicircum{}, which is equal to kg⋅m\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}⋅s\textasciicircum{}−2\textasciicircum{}⋅K\textasciicircum{}−1\textasciicircum{}, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ΔνCs. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
mole & The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.02214076×10\textasciicircum{}23\textasciicircum{} elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, N`A`, when expressed in the unit mol\textasciicircum{}−1\textasciicircum{} and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 16)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{candela} & The candela, symbol cd, is the SI unit of luminous intensity in a given direction. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×10\textasciicircum{}12\textasciicircum{} Hz, Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm⋅W\textasciicircum{}−1\textasciicircum{}, which is equal to cd⋅sr⋅W\textasciicircum{}−1\textasciicircum{}, or cd⋅sr⋅kg\textasciicircum{}−1\textasciicircum{}⋅m\textasciicircum{}−2\textasciicircum{}⋅s\textasciicircum{}3\textasciicircum{}, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ΔνCs. \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 13)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Not necessary information}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prefixes and Orders of Magnitude}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The SI system also establishes a set of twenty prefixes to unit names and unit symbols \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units. This is useful for \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
expressing physical quantities that are either very big or very small.% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{1.64772 cm} p{0.64078 cm} x{2.2885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Table of Prefixes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
yotta & Y & 10\textasciicircum{}24\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
zetta & Z & 10\textasciicircum{}21\textasciicircum{} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
exa & E & 10\textasciicircum{}18\textasciicircum{} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
peta & P & 10\textasciicircum{}15\textasciicircum{} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
tera & T & 10\textasciicircum{}12\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
giga & G & 10\textasciicircum{}9\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mega & M & 10\textasciicircum{}6\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
kilo & k & 10\textasciicircum{}3\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
hecto & h & 10\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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deka & da & 10\textasciicircum{}1\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
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deci & d & 10\textasciicircum{}-1\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
centi & c & 10\textasciicircum{}-2\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
milli & m & 10\textasciicircum{}-3\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
micro & μ & 10\textasciicircum{}-6\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
nano & n & 10\textasciicircum{}-9\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
pico & p & 10\textasciicircum{}-12\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
femto & f & 10\textasciicircum{}-15\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
atto & a & 10\textasciicircum{}-18\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
zepto & z & 10\textasciicircum{}-21\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
yocto & y & 10\textasciicircum{}-24\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{In O-Levels, the only prefixes that you need to know are nano, micro, milli, centi, deci, kilo, mega and giga.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Examples of Orders of Magnitudes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3,900 YHz & Highest energy gamma wave ray detected \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
30.86 Zm & One gigaparsec \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
30 Eg & Mass of the rings of Saturn \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
30 PHz & Frequency of an X-Ray \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
9.461 Tm & The distance light travels in a year \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
0.3 Gm/s & Speed of light in a vacuum \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
12.742 Mm & Diameter of the earth \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
16.5 kN & Bite force of a 5.2m Saltwater Crocodile \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2.4 hg & Average mass of a grand piano \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
7 dag & Average mass of an adult human \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1.1 dJ & Energy of an American half-dollar falling 1 metre \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
1.6667 cHz & 1 rpm \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2.75 mm/s & Fastest recorded speed of a snail \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
0.3 μm/s & Calculated speed of an amoeba (lower bound) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1.6 nN & Force required to break a typical covalent bond \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
50 pK & Lowest temperature produced \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1 fg & Mass of a HIV-1 virus \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
1.65 ag & Mass of double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of 1,578 base pairs \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3 zJ & Energy of a van der Waals interaction between atoms \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Examples of Orders of Magnitudes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{0.000000000016} ym & One Planck length \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}