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% Document Info
\author{Particle (ParticleMoon)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (gcse-biology-cells-and-biological-molecules.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Particle (ParticleMoon))
  /Subject (GCSE BIOLOGY: Cells and Biological Molecules Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{GCSE BIOLOGY: Cells and Biological Molecules Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Particle (ParticleMoon)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/162486/cs/34009/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Particle (ParticleMoon) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/particlemoon} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 4th September, 2022.\\
   Updated 4th September, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CELL STRUCTURE}}  \tn
% Row 0
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Tissue - & A group of cells working together to carry out a specific function \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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Organ - & A group of tissues working together to carry out a specific function out \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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Organ System- & A group of organs working together to carry out a specific function \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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Organelles found within animal cells - & - Nucleus -mitochondria -ribosomes -cell membrane -cytoplasm \tn 
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% Row 4
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Organelles found within Plant cells - & -Nucleus -Mitochondria -ribosomes -cell membrane -cytoplasm -permanent vacuole -chloroplasts -cell wall \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CHEMICAL ELEMENTS}}  \tn
% Row 0
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lipids & - C, H, O (Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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proteins & - C, H, O, N, S (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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{\bf{complex}} carbs like starch and glycogen are made up of & - {\bf{simple}} sugars \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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Proteins are made up of & - amino acids \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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the two molecules that Lipids are made up of & - Glycerol and fatty acid tails \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANELLES}}  \tn
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Nucleus & - controls the cell -contains genetic material (In the form of chromasomes) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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Cytoplasm & - where most of the chemical reactions take place \tn 
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% Row 2
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\seqsplit{Mitochondria} & - where aerobic respiration takes place \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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Ribosomes & - the site of protein synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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Cell wall & - provides strength and support (Made out of cellulose) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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Permanent Vacuole & - supports the cell and contains cell sap (A solution of sugars and salt) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 6
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\seqsplit{Chloroplasts} & - the site of photosynthesis \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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Cell Membrane & - controls what enters and leaves the cell - separates the cell from its environment \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ENZYMES}}  \tn
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enzymes & - biological catalysts that increase rate of metabolic reactions \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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factors that effect enzyme function & - Temperature -pH - Substrate concentration -Enzyme concentration \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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effect of {\bf{temperature}} & -as temperature increase, rate of reaction increases {\emph{UNTIL}} the temperature exceeds the optimum and the rate of reaction begins to decrease \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 3
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Why does this happen? & as temperature increase, particles have more kinetic energy, increasing chance of collision between molecules which speeds up the reaction \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 4
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when the temperature exceeds optimum & - active site distorts as the enzyme {\emph{denatures}} and it no longer fits the substrate \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 5
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effect of {\bf{pH}} & - the rate of catalysed reaction is fastest at the optimum pH. If the pH is too high or too low, the enzyme may denature and this affects rate of reaction \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{STEM CELLS (HIGHER)}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Differentiation} & - the process by which cells become specialised \tn 
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% Row 1
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Stems cells & - unspecialised cells that can differentiate into lots of different types of cells \tn 
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% Row 2
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\seqsplit{ADVANTAGES} & -can be used to treat paralysis  -possibility to cure degenerative diseases like Parkinson's -Whole new tissues and organs can be grown for drug testing \tn 
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% Row 3
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\seqsplit{DISADVANTAGES} & -use of embryonic cells creates ethical issues -it's expensive -long-term side effects are unknown \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DIFFUSION}}  \tn
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diffusion & - the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
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how does {\bf{temperature}} affect the rate of diffusion & - as temperature increase, rate of diffusion increases as particles gain kinetic energy and move faster \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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how does {\bf{concentration gradient}} affect rate of diffusion & - the greater the concentration gradient (The difference between the two areas), the greater the rate of diffusion \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 3
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how does {\bf{surface area of the membrane}} affect rate of diffusion & - as surface area increases, rate of diffusion increases as there is more space for the particles to pass through \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 4
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OSMOSIS & - {\bf{the movement of water molecules from a high water concentration to a low water concentration}} (Down the water potential gradient) through a partially permeable membrane. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 9)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DIFFUSION (cont)}}  \tn
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT & - {\bf{the movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration}} (Going against the concentration gradient) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}