\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
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%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{pao361}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (python.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (pao361)
  /Subject (Python Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
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% This two commands together give roughly
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% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
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\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Python Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{pao361} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/140352/cs/29763/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}pao361 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/pao361} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 8th January, 2022.\\
   Updated 31st August, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rules}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Python relies on proper indentation.  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
For example: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
age = 18 \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
if age \textgreater{}=18: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
  ~ print("Be sure to vote") \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
else: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
  ~ print("Sorry, too young")% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Naming Rules}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A variable name: MUST begin with a letter or underscore(\_)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{CANNOT contain spaces, punctuation or special characters others than the underscore} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{CANNOT begin with a number} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{CANNOT be the same as a reserved keyword in Python such as print, True, else, etc} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A variable name is case sensitive} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.74655 cm} x{4.23045 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{built-in functions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{print()} & this outputs something to the screen \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{input()} & ask for input from the program user \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
str() & converts a variable to a string data type \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
int() & convert a variable to an int data type \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{float()} & convert a variable to a float(decimal) data type \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{round()} & rounds a number \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Comparison Operators}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
== & Equal to \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
!= & Not equal to \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{} & Greater than \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\textless{} & Less than \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{}= & Greater than or equal to \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\textless{}= & Less than or equal to \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Math Operators}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+ & Addition \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- & Subtraction \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
* & Multiplication \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
/ & Division \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\% & division remainder \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
** & Exponent \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.54747 cm} x{4.42953 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Data Types}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
str & string(characteres typically words, sentences) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
int & integer(0,5,133) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
float & decimal number(1.23,623.664) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
list & a collection of variables (mango, banana, oranges) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
bool & boolean value (True, False) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.9954 cm} x{3.9816 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Special Characters}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textbackslash{}n & new line \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\textbackslash{}t & tab \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.64701 cm} x{4.32999 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LOCAL/GLOBAL Variables}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
LOCAL & Variable created within a function and only can be used by the function that defines them \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{GLOBAL} & Variable defined outside of a function and can be accessed by any function without passing them to the function. Read-only and cannot be modified \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.3731 cm} x{1.69349 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Boolean Operators}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{not}} x & x {\bf{and}} y & x {\bf{or}} y \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{try and except}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{try:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
~  {\emph{code statements}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
{\bf{except: }} \#{\emph{for all exceptions}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
~  {\emph{code statements}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\{\{bt\}\} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
{\bf{try:}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
~  {\emph{code statements}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
{\bf{except ValueError: }} \#{\emph{Specific error type}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
~  {\emph{code statements}}% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Concatenate using "+" or "f"}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{combining strings}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
myName = "Name" \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
print("Hello " + myName) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
print(f"Hello \{myName\}") \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
{\bf{string and a numeric value}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
age= 22 \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
print("Your age: " + age) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
print(f"Your age: \{age\}")% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Capital and lowercase letters}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{hello = "hello world" \newline  \newline print(hello.upper()) \newline   \# will print HELLO WORLD \newline print(hello.lower()) \newline   \# will print hello world \newline print(hello.capitalize()) \newline   \# will print Hello world} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.84609 cm} x{4.13091 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Control loops}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
break & breaks out of your loop causing the program to move to the next line after the loop \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{continue} & while skip this round of the loop and go into the next loop iteration \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Statements}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{If Statement}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
if {\emph{expression}}: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
  ~{\emph{statements}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
elif {\emph{expression}}: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
  ~{\emph{statements}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
else: \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
  ~{\emph{statements}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
{\bf{While Loop}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
while {\emph{expression}}: \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
  ~{\emph{statements}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
{\bf{For Loop}} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
for {\emph{var}} in {\emph{collection}}: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
  ~{\emph{statements}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
{\bf{Counting For Loop}} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
for {\emph{i}} in range({\emph{start}}, {\emph{end}} {[}, {\emph{step}}{]}): \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
  ~statements \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
({\emph{start}} is included; {\emph{end}} is not)% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{if statements}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{if myAge \textless{} 18: \newline    print("Too young") \#If TRUE prints this \newline elif my Age \textless{}21: \newline    print("Go ahead") \#If TRUE prints this \newline else: \newline    print("Bye!") \#if FALSE prints this} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{While loops}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\#while loops run as long as, or while, a certain condition is true \newline  \newline while True:  \newline      \#do something \newline else: \newline      \#do something \newline  \newline \#Example: \newline current\_number = 1 \#set the first value \newline  \#check the value of current\_number and see if it is less than or equal to 5 \newline while current\_number \textless{}=5: \newline  \newline    print(current\_number)  \#print out the value of the variable \newline    current\_number += 1   \#add one to the variable} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The loop will run again until the current\_value variable becomes 6 and then it will stop. Use break and continue to control loop}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{for loops}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{colors = {[}'red', 'green', 'blue'{]} \newline \#colors is a list data type \newline  \newline for color in colors: \newline     \#name each individual item color within the colors list so that you can output the individual variable \newline     print(color)} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{write() method example}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{**Opening in append mode will add the new data to the end of the file" \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
with open ("{\emph{filename.txt}}, "a") as File: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
~ File.write("Hello\textbackslash{}n")% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.09494 cm} x{3.88206 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Read methods}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
read() & read the entire file and return its contents as a string \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{readlines()} & read the entire file and return its contents as a list \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{readline()} & read the next line in the file and returns its content as a string \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{read() adn readlines() work best for smaller files. readline() for larger files.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Function Definition}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Function  named blocks of code that are designed to do a specific task \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
def {\emph{name}}({\emph{arg1}}, {\emph{arg2}}, ...): \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
  {\emph{code statements}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
  return {\emph{expr}}% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{return: stores the variable \newline It can be with arguments or without it}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions Example}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Function definition with NO arguments/parameters}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
def helloWorld(): \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
   ~print("Hello, world!") \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
{\bf{Function definition WITH arguments/parameters}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
def helloUser({\emph{firstName}}): \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
  ~ print("Hello", {\emph{firstName}}) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
{\bf{Calling a function}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
helloWorld()% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.89586 cm} x{4.08114 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LISTS/TUPLE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
List {[} {]} & Collection of items in a particular order. List indexes start at 0 \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Tuple ( ) & It is a list but Unable to be changed \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lists functions Example}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
fruits = & {[}'apple', 'banana' , 'orange'{]} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
print(fruits) & Output an entire list \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
print(fruits{[}2{]}) & Output an element in a list: orange \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
fruits{[}0{]} = 'grapes' & Modifying an element in a list: apple by grapes \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{fruits.append('pear')} & Adding an element to the end of a list \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
fruits.insert(0, 'mango') & adding a list element in a specific position \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{fruits.remove('banana')} & removing a list element \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
fruits.pop(0) & removing a specific list element \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
fruits.pop() & removing the last list element \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
del fruits & removing an entire list \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
fruits.clear() & emptying a list \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
findApple = \seqsplit{(fruits.count("apple"))} & count for specific item \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
fruits. reverse() & reverse the order of list \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
fruits.sort() & sort the list. \seqsplit{fruits.sort(key=str.lower)}  to make sure everything is in lowercase \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lists functions Example (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
sorted\_fruits = sorted(fruits) & If you want the list to remain the same positions, you can use the sorted to create a copy of the sorted list without impacting the original list \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of files}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Text files & each line ends with a new line character (\textbackslash{}n) or a carriage return character (\textbackslash{}r) on Windows systems \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Binary files & Are intended to be read by other programs, not humans. common types are: program files, image files, audio files, video files, database files and compressed files. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{File fuctions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{open({\emph{filename}}, mode)}} & {\bf{mode}} is an optional argument that specifies how you want to open the file. r = read, a = append, w = write, b = binary. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{filename}}.{\bf{close()}} & close an open file object \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
print({\emph{filename}}.{\bf{read()}}) & output the content of the file \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{with}} open({\emph{filename}}) as {\emph{newfilename}}: & automatically close a file if an exception happens. Also, it allows to assign a name to the file object in the same line of code and ends with a colon: creating a code block \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 9)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
write() method & use write mode when you are creating a new file, not when you are working with an existing file of data, Open the file in append mode ("a") if you wish to add to an existing file. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A file path must be included if the file is not in the same directory as the Python program}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}