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\author{owl.sami}
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  /Title (bio208-exam-2.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (owl.sami)
  /Subject (Bio208 Exam 2 Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Bio208 Exam 2 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{owl.sami} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/181480/cs/37734/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}owl.sami \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/owl-sami} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 16th March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.3732 cm} x{2.0598 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Population growth key terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Carrying capacity (K)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Demographic transition & Moving between patterns of growth: high birth and death rates to high birth and low death rates, to low birth and death rates \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Density-dependent} factors & Limited resources limit population growth: food, space, mates, etc. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Density-independent} factors & Indiscriminate forces that limit population: floods, earthquakes, fires, and other weather or geology-based calamities. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Exponential growth & r * N \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Logistic growth & r * N ((K - N) / K) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Maximum sustainable yield & Half the carrying capacity (K / 2) \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbon Cycle}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/owl-sami_1678921725_carbon cycle.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How water moves through plants}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/owl-sami_1679008036_how water flows in plants.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{pp. 596-598}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mycorrhizae}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Tiny, thread-like fungi trap water like a sponge and hold it around the roots. The fungi's huge surface area dramatically increases the amount of water and minerals that can be absorbed. In exchange, they receive sugars, amino acids, and vitamins from the plant.% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chemical transport}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/owl-sami_1679007670_diffusion.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{p. 594}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exam 2 study guide cont.}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.0299 cm} x{2.4031 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant tissues and structures}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Epidermis} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Guard cells & Form the stoma, allowing gas exchange \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Phloem & Flows sugar down to roots through sieve tubes and distributes water and nutrients to cells in need \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Xylem & Dead cells that provide main structural support while moving water and nutrients up to the plant \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cork cells & Create outer bark in trees, providing fire protection to inner living tree. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Apical meristems & Think: APEX, at the top (upward, elongating growth occurs) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Lateral meristems & Think: Lats get swole (lateral layers of cambium growth) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Pith & Inner stem tissue \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cortex & Outer stem tissue \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Niches}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.51052 cm} x{1.92248 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Energy flow}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Sun} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Producer & Plants which convert light energy into food through photosynthesis (Most abundant and energy-efficient food sources) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Primary consumer & Herbivores- eat producers (most abundant consumer, second most energy) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Secondary consumer & Carnivores- eat primary consumers (fewer than primary consumers) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Tertiary consumer & Top carnivores- eat other carnivores (very few in number, most energy-expensive) \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Quarternary consumer (and so on) & APEX predators- very energy-expensive and seldom exist in typical ecosystems \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nitrogen Cycle}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/owl-sami_1678921690_nitrogen cycle.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vascular plant structure}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ground tissue}}  \tn
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Q \& A plants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Which modified structure are all of the following examples of? Potatoes, runner vines, asparagus spears, daffodil bulbs} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Stems} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Why do carnivorous plants thrive in low-nutrient environments?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}When given more nutrients, plants focused on building larger photosynthetic leaves and smaller or no carnivorous structures. When given little to no nutrients, plants focused more on building carnivorous structures.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leaf structure}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{p. 584}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exam 2 study guide cont.}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plants and Bacteria}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/owl-sami_1679006730_P&B dream team.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Energy Transfer}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/owl-sami_1678921425_Energy transfer.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phosphorous Cycle}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/owl-sami_1678921658_PHOSPOROUS CYCLE.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant tissue types}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/owl-sami_1679003217_vascular tissue types.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{P. 577-578 in textbook goes over this, guard cells, cork cells, and epidermis}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nitrogen Fixing}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/owl-sami_1679006698_nitrogen fixation.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Monocots v Eudicots}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/owl-sami_1679004008_monocots v eudicots.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Some common monocots are palm trees, orchids, lilies, and all of the grasses, including most grains used in food products. Common eudicots include roses, daisies, coffee, potatoes, apples, strawberries, and most large trees, including maples and oaks.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Soil contains:}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Minerals- 50\% (in the form of weathered rock particles ranging in size from sand, silt, and clay)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Water and air- 45-50\% (fills space in-between particles)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Organic materials- 1-5\% (Humus- decomposed or partially decomposed bits of carbon-containing plants or animals)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ocean Currents}}  \tn
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Think: Red to blue, wet for you. Blue to red, dry ahead.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plants and Bacteria}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/owl-sami_1679006933_P&B dream team.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plants require...}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{3.833cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/owl-sami_1679005912_plant reqs.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Plants technically do not require soil, as hydroponic gardening is a possibility. They do require these other nutrients in trace amounts, however: chlorine, iron, boron, manganese, zinc, copper, and molybdenum.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Q \& A}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Why is it so much colder at the poles than at the equator?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The curvature of the Earth causes sunlight exposure to spread out over further swaths as it gets closer to the poles.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Why is there so much more biodiversity along the equator?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. The concentration of sunlight provides a lot of energy 2. Warm air holds more moisture than cold air, which increases the water circulating near the equator, and causes deserts around 30 degree latitude.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Which holds more heat: air or water?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Water holds 10,000 times as much heat as air, meaning it takes more energy and temperature change to heat water, and air temperature fluctuates more easily.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{What is the rain shadow effect?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Water travels from the ocean over land through warm air. As the air moves up over mountains, the temperature drops, forcing the moisture out as precipitation. A rain shadow is left when the air drops back down behind the mountain and warms again, creating more arid climates with little annual rainfall.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{How do ocean currents work?} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Ocean currents warm slowly as they travel through warmer areas and cool slowly as they travel through cooler climates. The currents travel in large, circular motions warming cooler land with warm currents and cooling warmer land with cool currents.} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 7)
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
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