\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{otkl}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (cs1010s-finals.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (otkl)
  /Subject (CS1010S Finals Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
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\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{1A1AA3}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F0F0F9}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{CS1010S Finals Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{otkl} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/179565/cs/38302/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}otkl \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/otkl} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 20th April, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.368 cm} x{3.116 cm} x{3.116 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Errors and Examples}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{IndexError} & The index of a sequence is out of range. & (1,){[}1{]} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{KeyError} & Key is not found in the dictionary. & cs = \{10:10\}; cs{[}s{]} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{SyntaxError} & Invalid syntaxes found in code. & print(Hello World) (no quote marks) or for i in range(3) (no colon) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{TypeError} & A \seqsplit{function/operation} is applied to objects of incorrect types. & (1,2) + {[}3,4{]} or "cs" + 1010 \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{ValueError} & Function gets an argument of a correct type but improper value. & int("3.14") \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{NameError} & The variable with the name is not found in the local \& global scope. & del cs1010s \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{AttributeError} & An attribute reference or assignment fails due to incorrect data type. & (1,2).append(3) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{ZeroDivisionError} & Second operand (denominator) of a division/module operation is zero. & 1/0 \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.368 cm} x{3.116 cm} x{3.116 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Errors and Examples (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{RecursionError} & An operation/runs out of memory. & def f(x): return x + f(x-1) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{UnboundLocalError} & A reference is made to a local variable in a function/method, but no value has been bound to that variable. & def f(x): ;z = y + x; y = 0 \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{RuntimeError} & Can be due to many reasons. One of them being list/dictionary size changing during iteration. & a = {[}1, 2{]}; for ele in a: a.append(ele) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defining Custom Errors}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{class CustomError: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
    pass% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exception Handling}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
try: & The code inside the try block will run until it reaches an error. Once it does, it will be handled accordingly by the respective exception statements. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
except Error: & The code inside this block will only run if the encountered error is the error to be handled by this except statement. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
except Exception: & The code inside this block will only run if the error has not been handled by the previous except statements. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
else: & The code inside the else block will only run if no errors were encountered in the try statement. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
finally: & The code inside the finally block will run no matter what. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.36 cm} x{6.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{For/While Loop Statements}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
break & Terminates the loop (once) \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{continue} & Stops the current iteration of the loop, and goes on to the next iteration of the current loop \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
pass & Does nothing and continues the rest of the code inside the current iteration of the loop \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{List shallow copies (list.copy(), list{[}:{]})}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/otkl_1681908664_photo_6195168361302832224_y.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.52 cm} x{3.04 cm} x{3.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{List and dictionary functions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{string.split(sep)} & Splits the string into a list by the seperator, which by default is "". & \seqsplit{"CS1010S".split("1")} == {[}"CS", "0", "0S{]} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{dict.get(key}, value) & Returns the value that is paired to the key in the dictionary. If the key does not exist in the dictionary, then it will return the value instead. & d = \{"CS":10, 10: "S"\} ; d.get("CS", "NOT FUN") == 10; d.get("10", "GG CS") == "GG CS" \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
del dict{[}key{]} & Removes the key-value pair with the indicated key in the dictionary. Returns a KeyError if key is not found in the dict & d = \{"CS":10, 10: "S"\}; del d{[}10{]}; d = \{"CS": 10\} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{sep.join(iterable)} & Joins all the items in the iterable into a string, with the sep inbetween each item. & d = \{"CS":10, "10":"S"\}; " - ".join(d); "CS - 10" \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Passcode locking}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{def lock(obj, passcode): \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
   o = obj.copy() \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
   o.clear() \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
   o{[}"locked"{]} = lambda x: o if x == passcode else False \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
def unlock(obj, passcode): \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
   o = obj{[}"locked"{]} (passcode) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
   if o != False: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
      obj.clear() \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
      obj.update(o)% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Orders of Growth (OOG)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{O(1) \textless{} O(log n) \textless{} O(n) \textless{} O(n log n) \textless{} O(n\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}) \textless{} O(2\textasciicircum{}n\textasciicircum{}) \textless{} O(n\textasciicircum{}n\textasciicircum{}) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
O(1): Indexing, replacing variable name \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
O(log n): Constantly halving/doubling a number (depending on direction) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
O(n): Going through the whole tuple/string (for loop/recursion) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
O(n\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}): Going through the whole tuple once for each element (Usually nested for loop) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
O(2\textasciicircum{}n\textasciicircum{}): The tree splits into 2/x number of branches for each level (Usually for recursion tree) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
Sample Answer: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
Time: O(n), there is a total of n recursive  calls. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
Space: O(n), there is a total of n recursive calls, and each call will take up space on the stack. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
Time: O(n), the loop will iterate n times. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
Space: O(1), no extra memory is needed because the variables are overwritten with the new values. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
String slicing and concatenation takes O(n) time as well% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Boolean Values}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{False evaluates to 0; int(False) == 0, while True evaluates to 1; int(True) = 1 \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
On the other hand, any empty string, tuple, list, dict etc ("", (), {[}{]}, \{\}), value 0 and None all evaluates to False; bool(0/None/""/()/{[}{]}/\{\}) = False, and any other expression will evaluate to True; bool(1/-95/"CS1010S is fun"/("C", "S", "S", "U", "C", "K", "S") = True% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Checking data type}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. type(value) == Type} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. isinstance(value, Type)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}