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  /Title (stat-100-chapter-5-6-7.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (o1510)
  /Subject (STAT 100 Chapter 5 6 7 Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{STAT 100 Chapter 5 6 7 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{o1510} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/32658/cs/10977/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}o1510 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/o1510} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 22nd February, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Response variable: variable that measures an outcome or result of study.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Explanatory variable: variable that we think explains or causes changes in the response variable.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Individuals studied in an experiment are often called subjects} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A treatment is any specific experimental condition applied to the subjects. If an experiment has several explanatory variables, a treatment is a combination of specific values for these variables.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Lurking Variable: variable that has an important effect on the relationship among the variables in the study but is not one of the explanatory variables studied} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Two variables are confounded when their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.} \tn 
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 & the confounded variables may be either explanatory or lurking variables. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 6 Key Terms}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{double blind experiment: neither the subject nor the people who work with them know which treatment the subject is receiving} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{clinical trials: medical experiments involving human subjects.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{nonadherers: subjects who participate but don't follow experimental treatment} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{experiments that continue over an extended period of time also suffer dropouts: subjects to begin the experiment but do not complete it.} \tn 
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 & If a subject drops out because of their reaction to one of the treatments, bias can occur. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{a well designed experiment tells us that changes in the explanatory variable must cause changes in the response variable.} \tn 
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 & make sure that your findings are statistically significant, that they are too strong to occur by chance. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Completely Randomized Design (experimental design): all the experimental subjects are allocated at random among all the treatments.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Matched Pairs Design (matching and randomization): compares just two treatments} \tn 
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 & choose a pair of subjects that are as closely matched as possible. Assign one of the treatments to each subject by random assignment. \tn 
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% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Block design: group of experimental subjects that are known before an experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response of the treatments} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 6 Key Terms (cont)}}  \tn
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 & random assignment of subjects to treatments is carried out separately within each block. \tn 
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 & combines the idea of creating equivalent treatment groups. \tn 
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 & another form of control. Some outside variables are controlled by bringing those variables into the experiment to form the blocks. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 5}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{placebo effect: dummy treatment with no active ingredients.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Randomized Comparative Experiment: one that compares two treatments.} \tn 
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 & random assignment into groups, one group for each treatment \tn 
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 & make sure to include one control group. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 7}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The organization that carries out the study must have an institutional review board that reviews all planned studies in advance in order to protect the subjects from possible harm.} \tn 
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 & purpose:to protect the rights and welfare of human subjects recruited to participate in research activities. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{All individuals who are subjects in a study must give their informed consent before data is collected.} \tn 
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 & must be informed about the nature of the study and risk. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{All individual data must be kept confidential. Only statistical summaries for groups of subjects may be made public.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Anonymity: subjects are anonymous - their names are not known even to the director of the study.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Confidentiality:} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Logic of Experimental Design}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Randomization produces group of subjects that should be similar in all respects before we apply the treatments.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Comparative design ensures that influences other than the experimental treatments operate equally on all groups.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Therefore, differences in the response variable must be due to the effects of treatments} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Principles of Experimental Design} \tn 
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 & 1. Control. The effects of lurking variables on the response, most simply by comparing two or more treatments \tn 
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 & 2. Randomize. Use impersonal chance to assign subjects to treatments. \tn 
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 & 3. Use enough subjects in each group to reduce chance variation in the results. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Statistical Significance: an observed effect of a size that would rarely occur by chance} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Good studies are comparative even when they are not experiments.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{We can often combine comparison with matching in creating a control group} \tn 
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 & note: matching does not entirely eliminate confounding \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A good comparative study measures and adjusts for confounding variables.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Clinical Trials}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Clinical Trials: experiments that study the effectiveness of medical treatments on actual patients.} \tn 
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 & Randomized comparative experiments are the only way to see the true effects of these new treatments. Without them, risky treatments that are no better than placebos will become common \tn 
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 & Clinical trials produce great benefits, but most of these go to future patients. The trials pose risks which are borne by the subjects. Balance future benefits against risks \tn 
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 & Both medical ethics and international human rights standards say that \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Clinical Trials}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Clinical Trials: experiments that study the effectiveness of medical treatments on actual patients.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Randomized comparative experiments are the only way to see the true effects of these new treatments. Without them, risky treatments that are no better than placebos will become common \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Clinical trials produce great benefits, but most of these go to future patients. The trials pose risks which are borne by the subjects. Balance future benefits against risks \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Both medical ethics and international human rights standards say that the interest of the subject must always prevail over the interests of science and society. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Behavioral and Social Science experiments} \tn 
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 & the direct risks to experimental subjects are less acute, but so are the possible benefits. \tn 
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 & invasion of privacy, informed consent are both issues in these studies \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
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