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% Document Info
\author{Nymphaeacat (Nymphaeacat)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (entomology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Nymphaeacat (Nymphaeacat))
  /Subject (Entomology Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Entomology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Nymphaeacat (Nymphaeacat)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/137801/cs/29074/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Nymphaeacat (Nymphaeacat) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/nymphaeacat} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 24th September, 2021.\\
   Updated 30th September, 2021.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.04517 cm} x{3.93183 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Binomial Nomenclature}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Domain & Eukarya \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Kingdom & Animalia \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Phylum & Arthropoda \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Class & Insecta \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Order & Coleoptera \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Family & Chrysomelidae \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Genus & {\emph{Leptinotarsa}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Species & {\emph{Leptinotarsa decemlineata}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{This example is for the Colorado potato beetle}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Zoology - Ecdysozoa}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Secretes the exoskeleton → discontinuous growth → molt ({\bf{ecdysis}}), preceded by apolysis → displacement of the epidermis from the old exoskeleton% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It includes: \newline {\bf{Euarthropoda}} (Insecta, Crustacea, Myriapoda, \newline      Chelicerata, Trilobita*) \newline arthropod-like {\bf{Onychophora,Tardigrada}} \newline {\bf{Nematoda}} \newline {\bf{Nematomorpha}} \newline {\bf{Priapulida}} \newline {\bf{Kinorhyncha}} \newline {\bf{Loricifera}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.84609 cm} x{4.13091 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phylum Arthropoda}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Subphyla} & Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Class & Entognata, Ectognata (Insecta) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Subclass} & Apterygota, Pterygota \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Origin of wings theories}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Tergal origin hypothesis}} & Wings originated from an expansion of dorsal body wall (tergum) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pleural origin hypothesis}} & Wings were derived from epicoxal hendites and exites \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Dual origin hypothesis}} & Contribution of both tergal and pleural components during the evolution of insect wings \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.59501 cm} x{1.96811 cm} x{2.01388 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Insects' Ecosystem services}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Provisioning} & material or energy outputs & Carbon absorption, control of pathogens, pest control, pollination, soil fertility \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Supporting} & maintenance of ecosystem & decomposition, seed dispersal, recycling \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Regulating} & directionality of ecosystem processes &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Cultural} & educational, spiritual, aesthetic value & bioindicators \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Pollination have an economic value of \$235 to \$577 billion per year worldwide}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ecological species concept}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Species= & Group of organisms that occupy the same ecological niche \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
This means that & species are kept separated by the selection for niche adaptation, not by the reproductive isolation \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cons & Different developmental species inhabit different ecological niches \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is a DNA Barcode}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Short standardized DNA markers for the taxonomic indentification} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It has to be variable among species, not within species} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{They do not necessarily meet the requirements for DNA metabarcoding: many species have to be identified simultaneously} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Primers:  \newline 1. annealing region highly conserved within the target group \newline 2. annealing region not conserved in non-target organisms}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sampling}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Community DNA & DNA extracted from a pool of individuals \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Environmental} DNA & Mixture of genomic DNA for example soil, litter, water \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Homogenization and filtering}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{eDNA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Intercellular} DNA & from living cellls or living multicellular organisms \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Extracellular} DNA & derives from cell death \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ecological factors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Stenoecious}}}} & → organism that can tolerate a narrow range of variability, it can live only in a restricted range of habitats \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{{\emph{Euriecious}}}} & → organism that can tolerate a wide range of variability and can live in a wide range of habitats \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Ecological niche}}}} & → how a specie interacts within an ecosystem \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Hutchinson (1957) → 2 forms of niche:  \newline {\bf{Fundamental niche}} = focused in the abiotic conditions in which a specie could exist with no ecological interactions \newline {\bf{Realized niche}} = population's existence in the presence of interactions}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biotic potential}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It's the maximum reproductive capacity of an organism in optimal environmental conditions} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It's limited by: unfavourable environmental conditions, inhibiting effects or predators, parasites, diseases} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It's expressed as a \% increase per year or as the doubling time}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What limits the growth of populations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Ecoresistance} & space, food resources, abiotic factors, biotic factors \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Biotic factors: & Intraspecific or extraspecific \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Intraspecific:} & Competition for food or reproduction \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Diapause & it's an endogenously regulated dormant state to survire seasons of adverse conditions. It can be obligatory (genetically determined) or facultative \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Quiescence} & immediate response to a change in the environment \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Extraspecific:} & parasitoids, predators, diseases \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Insect-plant interactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Direct defence}} & act directly on the phytophagous to reduce the feeding performance. Example: Anti-nutritional factors (induced) and Antixenosis or physical barriers (constitutive) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Indirect defence}} & attract natural enemies of the phytophagous. Example Synomones (induced) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1. insects sense plant's Volatile Organic Compounds by odorant binding proteins to select appropriate hosts \newline  \newline 2. sucking insects cause minimal damage, while chewing insects cause wounding. They secrete proteins to suppress plant's defense response \newline  \newline 3. many enzimes and transporters are involved. Plant derived toxic compound can be degraded by insect enzymes}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functional classification of pests}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Not considered pests & their feeding activity does not cause economic damage \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Occasional pests & occasionally cause damage due to abiotic factors \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Key pests & relevant economic damage \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Induced pest & They can become dangerous usually after changes in the environment dued to human activities, example: allochthonous insects, monoculture, broad range pesticides \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Economic damage can be: \newline 1. proportional to physiological damage \newline 2. less than proportional to the physiological damage \newline 3. starts at a certain point of the physiological damage}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Supplement of metabolism}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Symbionts provide \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
→ B vitamins (Blood is deficient) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
→ sterols \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
→ essential amino acids (N recycling capability)% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Common traits in p-symbionts: \newline - genome reduction (\textasciitilde{} 5.5 Mb) \newline - High AT content \newline Functional complementarity with host and co-symbiont genomes \newline - Evolutionary stasis}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Integrated Pest Management}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Definition}} & ecosystem approach to crop production and protection that adopts a combination of strategies \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Key points}} & identification of key pest \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & monitoring strategy \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & define thresholds \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & implement control strategies \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & evaluate results \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Economic injury level = cost of control / (market value x loss)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IPM control categories}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Agronomical practices & Crop rotarion \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Cultivar choice \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & soil management practices \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & fertilization \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Physical and mechanical approaches & Heat to treat food and seeds \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Microwave to trear wood \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Mechanically remove insects: light, traps \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Agrochemicals & pheromone based suppression: mass traps \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & pheromone based attract and kill \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & mating disruption with sexual pheromones \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Auto confusion, auto sterilization \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
Biological control & introduction of natural predators or parasitoids \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & pathogens: bacillus thuringiensis, fungi, nematodes \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Inoculative biological control}}: natural enemies are released in the environment \newline {\bf{Inondative biological control}}: natural enemies are released repeately \newline {\bf{Conservation biological control}}: habitat management to let natural enemies live}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evolutionary background}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution (Theodosius Dobzhansky, 1973) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
                                 + \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
...Nothing in evolution makes sense without a good (true) phylogeny \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
                                 = \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
{\bf{Nothing in biology makes sense without a phylogeny}}% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cuticle synthesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Insecta and Crustacea have an {\bf{exoskeleton}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Tyr}} and {\bf{Phe}} are precursor of an essential component of cuticle systhesis} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{An {\bf{Endosymbiont}} provides Tyr and Phe to the host} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The host {\bf{regulates}} the load of Endosymbiont to achieve cuticle, then eliminates it through apoptosis and autophagy} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Zoology - Insecta}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4 pairs of cephalic appendages (1 pre + 3 post oral)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Exposed mouthparts} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Size: 0.2 - 300 mm} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{30 orders:}} Archaeognata + Zygentoma (Apterigota) and Pterygota} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Insect orders}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Apterygota}} & {\emph{Archaeognata}}, {\emph{Zygentoma}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pterygota}} & {\emph{Ephemeroptera}}, {\emph{Odonata}}, {\emph{Plecoptera}}, {\emph{Isoptera}}, {\emph{Blattodea}}, {\emph{Mantodea}}, {\emph{Grylloblattodea}}, {\emph{Mantophasmatodea}}, {\emph{Phasmatodea}}, {\emph{Embiidina}}, {\emph{Orthoptera}}, {\emph{Dermaptera}}, {\emph{Zoraptera}}, {\emph{Psocoptera}}, {\emph{Phthiraptera}}, {\emph{Thysanoptera}}, {\emph{Hemiptera}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Taxonomy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Definition}} & Process of naming and classifying organisms into groups, according to their similarities and differences \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{DNA barcoding}} & a standardized approach to identify organisms by the use of a DNA barcode \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{DNA barcode}} & Short DNA sequence taken from stardadized portions of the genome, coding or not a protein \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Origin}} & 1977: {\emph{the idea;}} 1996: {\emph{the first DNA metabarcoding;}} 2003: {\emph{use of the term DNA barcoding;}} present: {\emph{DNA barcoding, metabarcoding, eDNA}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cryptic species}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Morphologically indistinguishable species that can be recognized only by molecular data% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Molecular taxonomy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It merges BSC, MSC and Phylogenetic species concept PSC \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{PSC}} considers monophyletic groups as the unique real entities of the speciation process% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of taxon}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Monophyletic taxon}} & A group of organisms including the {\emph{most recent common ancestor and its descendants}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Polyphyletic taxon}} & A group of organisms in which the most recent common ancestor {\emph{is not included}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Paraphyletic taxon}} & A group of organisms including the {\emph{most recent common ancestor}} but {\bf{not}} its descendants \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA barcoding workflow}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Sample collection \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
2. DNA extraction \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
3. PCRs \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
4. Sanger sequencing \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
5. Electropherograms \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
6. Comparison with database (BOLD, BLAST) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
7.Identification!% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA metabarcoding workflow}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Sample collection  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
2. Sample processing \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
3. DNA extraction \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
4. Libraries preparation \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
5. Sequencing \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
6. Bioinformatic analyses \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
7. Results% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Note!}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A reference database is mandatory in DNA analysis!% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.24425 cm} x{3.73275 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Homology, Orthology, Paralogy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Homology}} & 2 genes that share a common ancestor (evolutionary hypothesis) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Orthology}} & homologous that have diverged after a speciation event \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Paralogy}} & homologous that have diverged after a duplication event \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Xenology}} & homologous that derived through lateral transfer \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Insects environments}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Caves \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
2. Forests \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
3. Meadows \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
4. Deserts \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
5. Urban environments \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
6. Lakes and rivers \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
7. Agroecosystem% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Agroecosystem → many species interact. They're natural ecosystem modified for the production of food and fiber \newline Planned diversity: plants and animals farmed + benefical organisms added \newline Unplanned diversity: weeds, pests, other organisms}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interactions: demoecology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Demoecology & studies the demography of a population (density, structure, dynamics) and predicts future population in a given scenario \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Metapopulation} & when the individuals live in a fragmented habitat \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Structural properties & density, distribution, size, age classes, sex ratio, genetic variability \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Functional properties & behaviour, birth rate, mortality, genetic variability \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{r vs k strategy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{r:  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
1.exponential growth \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
2. short life cycle \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
3. small size \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
4. collapse dued to abiotic factors \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
5. related to ephemeral environments, can cause serious damage \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
6. large offspring, null parental care% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{k:  \newline 1. logistic growth \newline 2. long life cycle \newline 3. medium-large size \newline 4. rarely collapse because of abiotic factors \newline 5. related to stable environments \newline 6. reduced offspring, parental care}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Multitrophic interactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Green leaf volatiles & esters, aldehydes, alcohols C6 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{terpenoids C10, C15, indoles} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{These are volatiles induced by the insect injuries. \newline  \newline They:  \newline 1. have a repellent action \newline 2. induce plant-defence genes \newline 3. attract other phytophagous (kairomones) \newline 4. attract parasitoids and predators (synomones)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Insects defense towards GLS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Detox of isothiocyanates by conjugationo with Glutathione} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Hydrolysis of GLS to obtain less toxic compounds (nitriles)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. GLS sequestration to use against predators} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.24425 cm} x{3.73275 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Symbiosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Blockmann}} & observed Bacteriocytes in the body fat cells of cockroaches \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Sulc}} & described aggregations of bacteriocytes in the body cavity of cicads \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.24425 cm} x{3.73275 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Endosymbiont}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Primary}} & Obliged association, associated with their insect for long time, host-symbiont cocladogenesis, vertically transmitted (ie roaches and blattabacterium) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Secondary}} & Facultative symbiont, roles from mutualism to manipulation of reproduction, recently associated with their host \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{FUNCTIONS: \newline → supplement of metabolic functions \newline → manipulation of host reproduction \newline → protection against pathogens or toxins}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Manipulation of host reproduction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
The hereditary, vertically transmitted symbiont does: & help hosts that trasmit it OR sterilize hosts that don't trasmit it (kill male embryos, induce cytoplasmatic incompatibility, feminize males, induce parthenogenesis) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Wolbachia}} & kills male embryos, feminizes male, induces parthenogenesis, induces cytoplasmatic incompatibility (CI) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{CI:  \newline {\emph{infected sperm}} + {\emph{infected egg}} = ✓︁ \newline {\emph{infected sperm}} + healthy egg = X︁ \newline healthy sperm  + {\emph{infected egg}} = ✓︁ \newline healthy sperm + healthy egg = ✓︁}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.44333 cm} x{3.53367 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Insects species in Italy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Allochtonous}} & {\emph{Aedes albopictus,  Trichopoda pennipes, {\bf{Scaphoideus titanus}},  Leptoglossus occidentalis,  Metcalfa pruinosa,  Icerya purchasi, {\bf{ Halyomorpha halys}},  Vespa velutina, }} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Others}} & {\bf{{\emph{Drosophila suzuki}}, {\bf{Diabrotica virgifera}}, Empoasca vitis, Lobesia botrana, Cysia ambiguella, Argyrotenia pulchellana}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key points in evolution}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1 & Cambrian explosion \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2 & Origin of Insecta \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3 & Vascular plants \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
4 & Seed plants \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
5 & End-permiam mass extinction \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
6 & Flowering plants \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
7 & Angiosperm \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Remember the Cambrian explosion thanks to {\emph{Opabinia}}, the weirdest animal ever}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Zoology - Arthropoda}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{arthron}} = articulated  ; {\emph{podos}} = foot} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1.200.000 described species} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Exoskeleton} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bilateria, protostomes and triploblastic} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Metameric segmentation; tagma} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{High adaptability} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ectotherms} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{General Morphology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Heteronomous metamery}}: 20 metamers} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Each metamer:}} ventral sternite, dorsal tergite, pleura (lateral sclerite), one pair of spiracle, one pair of ganglia, a couple of appendixes} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{3 morphological regions (tagma)}} → {\emph{Head}} (6 metamers fused), {\emph{Thorax}} (3 regions: pro- meso- meta-), {\emph{Abdomen}} (11 metamers or urites + telson)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pterygota}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Endopterygota}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Neuroptera \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Megaloptera \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Raphidioptera \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
→Coleoptera \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Strepsiptera \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
→Diptera \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Mecoptera \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Siphonaptera \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Trichoptera \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
→Lepidoptera \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
→Hymenoptera% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Taxonomy is useful because:}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It's a standardized approach to identification} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Solves limitations of morphological approaches} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Identifies organisms also from fragments or juvenile stages} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Solves the "taxonomic impediment"} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Morphological approach}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Easy on the most cases & but what about fragments or juvenile stages? \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Species}}: & groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{The morphological species concept}}: & Operational tool of the biological species concept → the existence of reproductive isolation is deduced by the analysis of morphological traits \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Cons:}} & Subjective ({\emph{the specialist decides}}); Intraspecific varability; Cryptic species \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{3.08574 cm} x{1.89126 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Application os DNA taxonomy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Outside entomology & Food safety \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Inside entomology} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Application of DNA taxonomy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Outside entomology & Food safety, veterinary application \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Inside entomology & Forensic science, biomonitoring, biodiversity surveys, investigate multitrophic relationships \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA barcoding vs DNA Metabarcoding}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
DNA barcoding & sequences 1 DNA to identify 1 organism \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
DNA \seqsplit{metabarcoding} & sequences 10\textasciicircum{}5\textasciicircum{}-10\textasciicircum{}7\textasciicircum{} DNA to identify organisms, simbionts, parasites, dead remnants and extracellular DNA \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sequence}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Definition}}: S, is an order of {\emph{n}} characters (Si)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA is composed of 4 nucleotides (A, C, G, T)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{RNA is composed of 4 nucleotides (A, C, G, U)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Proteins are composed of 20 aminoacids} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ecosystem}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It's a {\bf{structural and functional unit}} consisting of a biological community of {\bf{living organisms interacting}} with themselves and their {\bf{physical environment}}, in a unit of space} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Ecological factor}}: every environmental element interacting directly on living organisms} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Biotic factors}}: influence organisms' fitness and distribution} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.84609 cm} x{4.13091 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sampling}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Direct} & qualitative, useful for presence/absence analyses, depends by the human experience \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Indirect} & quantitative, useful for hypotesis testing, do not depend by human \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interactions: autoecology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Autoecology}} & Study of the individuals: range of tolerances, thermoregulation, water balance \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Autoecology studies guilds:  \newline      -Herbivores \newline      - Predators \newline      - Scavengers \newline      - Parasites and parasitoids}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Trophic guilds}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Scavengers} & Feed on dead or dying plants, dead or dying animals, excrements of other animals \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Phytophagous} & phyllophagous (leaves), carpophagous (fruit), plant-sucking (xylem, phloem), anthophagous (flowers), rhizophagous (roots), xylophagous (wood) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Zoophagous} & feed on other animals (predators and parasitoids) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interactions: Sinecology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It studies the interactions among species in a definited space} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Competition, Predation, Symbiosis} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Competition is higher in a limited environment (ie leafminers). It can be symmetric or asymmetric (if one species is more competitive than the other)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Predation: prays evolve features to defense, predators to overcome the preys strategies} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Symbiosis: parasitism, mutualism, commensalism} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Detox of plant's defense compounds}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. reduction of toxicity by {\bf{ctyochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs)}}. Heme-containing enzimes catalyzing \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
2. hydrophobic compounds are converted in hydrophilic by {\bf{Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs)}} and {\bf{Uridine \seqsplit{5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases} (UGTs)}} catalysing the conjugation of GSH from uridine 5diP glucoronic acid to the xenobiotic substance \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 6)
3. ATP binding cassette {\bf{(ABC)}} transports xenobiotics outside the cell% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Damages caused by insects}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Direct & Insect directly attacks the commercial parts \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Indirect & Insect attacks non-commercial parts but reduces plant efficiency \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Physiological} damage & Phyllophagous insects {\bf{reduce leaves surface}}, reducing photosynthesys, of aphids can induce {\bf{presence of black sooty mold}} or {\bf{viruses}}, rhizophagous and xylophagous insects \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Productive damage & measurable plant loss (qualitative and quantitative), or aesthetic damage \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Economic damage & monetary value of the productive damage \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Causes promoting pest damage}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Abiotic factors} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Biotic factors (plant genotype, insect preference, phenological phase)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Random factors} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.86963 cm} x{2.01388 cm} x{1.69349 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Relationships}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
/ & Parasitic & Mutualistic \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Facultative} & male killing, feminisation & increase fecundity \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Obligate} & oogenesis & nutrient provisioining \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Vertically transmitted symbionts: \newline - reproductive parasitism \newline - mutualistic symbiosis \newline - standard parasitism}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Open questions about symbiosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Understand molecular basis of insect-symbiont interactions} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Microbiota and microbioma associate to non-model insects}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Impact of commensal bacteria in niche colonization} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Impact of ecological determinants on the microbiota structure}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}