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  /Title (chapter-4-epidemiology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Nvstewart)
  /Subject (Chapter 4 Epidemiology Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Chapter 4 Epidemiology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Nvstewart} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/194496/cs/40578/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Nvstewart \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/nvstewart} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 2nd October, 2023.\\
   Updated 2nd October, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Study Design}}  \tn
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A program able to lead the researcher on a guided path of analyzing, interpreting, and systematically collecting data & There are both analytical and descriptive study design forms \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Descriptive Epidemiology}}} \tn 
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Descriptive studies are normally followed up with analytical studies, this way one can exam associations that may permit cause-effect relationships. & Involves observation, definitions, measurements, interpretations, and dissemination of health-related states or events by using person,place and time. \tn 
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{\bf{Descriptive Study Designs}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Casre reports:}} A profile of a single individual. Includes qualitative descriptive research of facts in chronological order \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{Case reports and case series can also suggest the emergence of a new epidemic if disease exceed its expectations.}} & {\bf{Cross Sectional Surveys:}} conducted ovver a short period of time {[}usually a few days or weeks.{]} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Study Design (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Case series:}} A small group with similar diagnoses & {\bf{Exploratory ecologic designs:}} making comparisons between variables using aggregated data on the population level vs the individual level\{\{nl\}\} {\emph{Ecologic fallacy}}: an error that results when association between two variables when the association does not actually exist. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Excerpt From Introduction to Epidemiology Ray M. Merrill;}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Multiple ways to classify Data}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Types of data}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Nominal Data: unordered categories. \{\{nl\}\} Dichotomous is {\emph{nominal}} data that have two {\bf{distinct}} values \{\{nl\}\} Ordinal Data: information provided by the order among categories. {\emph{Common in health behavior research}} \{\{nl\}\} Discrete Data: intergers or counts that differ by fixed amounts, with no intermediate values possible \{\{nl\}\} Continous Data: measurable quantities not restricted to taking on integer values. \{\{nl\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Multiple ways to Classify Data Examples}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\seqsplit{https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/health-information/3b-sickness-health/rates-ratios-measure-health}}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Measuremnts of Data}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Give an example of  ratio? \{\{nl\}\} 1 in 6 unintentional deaths are suicides.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{How is proportion normally expressed? \{\{nl\}\} As a percentage} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Give an example of proportion \{\{nl\}\} 123 people were infected, 44 died. Proportion: 44/123= 0.36 or 36\%} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What is Rate?  \{\{nl\}\} A Frequency measure that involves nominal data} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What is attack rate ? \{\{nl\}\} New cases that start to occur rapidly overtime in a defined population} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What is Person-Time rate also known as? \{\{nl\}\} Incidence Density Rate} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What is the difference between mortality rate and incidence rate ? \{\{nl\}\} Mortality rate is {\bf{deaths occurring during a given time period}}. Incidence rate is {\emph{ New cases occurring during a given time period}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What is the formula for SAR ? \{\{nl\}\}  (new cases among contacts of known cases)/█((population at beginning of time period)-(primary cases)(*100)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What is SAR? \{\{nl\}\} Secondary Attack Rate: New rate of cases occurring among known cases} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What is point prevalence? \{\{nl\}\} Existing cases of a disease at a point in time} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other forms of Measurements cont'd}}  \tn
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{\bf{Numerical Methods}} & {\bf{Measures of dispersion}} \tn 
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Arithmetic Mean, geometric mean, Median, Mode & Range, Interquartile range, Variance, Standard deviation, coefficient of variation \tn 
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{\bf{Measures of Association}} \{\{nl\}\} When measuring the association between two nominal or ordinal variables data is entered into a {\emph{contingency table}} & When using a {\emph{contingency table}} all entries are classified by each variable in the table. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Contigency Example:}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interquartile Data + Box Plot example.}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Age Adjusted Rates}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Crude Rate:}} An outcome Calculated without any restriction (i.e gender or age). Crude rates can be calculated for entire populations or in a subgroup  \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Example:}} {\emph{Crude Rate of Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities in California, Years 2008–2014}} \{\{nl\}\} Total Motor Vehicle Traffic Deaths in California from 2008 through 2014 = 21,854\{\{nl\}\} Total Population in California from 2008 through 2014 (summed across years) = 263,818,096 Crude Rate = (21,854 ÷ 263,818,096) × 100,000 = 8.28 per 100,000 population} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Age- adjusted rate:}} Summary measures adjusted for differences in age distributions \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{Age-adjusted rates may be preferred for injuries that occur more often among certain age groups than others.}} \{\{nl\}\} Example: "fall-related deaths are more common among the elderly than any other age group."} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Direct Method}} = deaths in age group ÷ estimated population of that age group × 100,000.  \{\{nl\}\} a given areas age-specific rate} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Indirect Method:}} a common set of age-specific rates is applied to the populations whose rates are to be standardized.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Standard Morbidity/Mortality Rate Ratio= SMR \{\{nl\}\} Used less frequently than direct method.  {\bf{SMR}}=Observed/Expected. \{\{nl\}\} useful when age-specific numbers of deaths in the study population are either unavailable or small in number (less than 25 events across all age groups, as per Curtin \& Klein, 1995).} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\seqsplit{https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/mapping\_help/crude\_rate.html} \newline  \newline https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/mapping\_help/age\_adjusted.html \newline  \newline https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3406211/\#:\textasciitilde{}:text=In\%20indirect\%20age\%2Dadjustment\%2C\%20a,(SMR)\%20(5). \newline  \newline https://www-doh.state.nj.us/doh-shad/view/sharedstatic/StandardizedMortalityRatio.pdf}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Other Forms of Measuremnts used in Public Health}}  \tn
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{\bf{Frequency Distribution:}} complete summary of the frequencies, or number of times each value appears. & {\bf{Other ways to measure data}}: Bar Charts, steam and leaf plots, box plot, two way scatter plot, line graph, a spot map or area map. \tn 
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{\emph{Relative Frequency:}} dividing the number of people in each group by total number of people. \{\{nl\}\} May normally used for presenting the frequency of nominal, ordinal, discrete, or continuous data. & A {\bf{histogram}} shows distribution for discrete or continous data \{\{nl\}\} An {\emph{epidemic curve}} is a {\bf{histogram}} that shows the course of an epidemic by plotting {\emph{number of cases X time of onset}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Excerpt From Introduction to Epidemiology Ray M. Merrill;}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Histogram}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spot/Area Map}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nvstewart_1696226945_Screen Shot 2023-10-02 at 2.08.19 AM.png}}} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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