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% Document Info
\author{noush}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (renal-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (noush)
  /Subject (Renal System Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Renal System Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{noush} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/213565/cs/46486/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}noush \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/noush} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 28th May, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definition}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The organ system in charge of regulating fluid balance, removing waste from the circulation, and excreting urine is the renal system which is also sometimes referred to as the urinary system.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Main Functions}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Filters waster from the blood (urea/toxins) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Regulated blood pressure  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
Hormone production (erythropoietin, renin) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Excreted drugs and toxins  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Control blood pH \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
Maintains electrolyte levels  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Keeps bones healthy  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Eliminates metabolic byproducts  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Supports blood osmolarity \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Glucongenesis% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nephron Physiology}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Filtration} & Occurs in the glomerulus where fluid (filtrate) is forced in the Bowman's capsule by blood pressure. Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to get filtered, but water, glucose, urea, amino acids, and small molecules all pass through. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Reabsorption} & It is in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) where substances such as water, glucose, Na+, K+, Cl-, and amino acids are all reabsorbed back into the blood. The descending loop includes water only and the ascending loop has Na+ and Cl-. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Secretion} & Occurs mostly in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and it removed substances including H+, K+, NH4+, and some drugs from the blood into filtrate to be excreted. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 3
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\seqsplit{Excretion} & In this step, the tribe follows a track from the collecting ducts -\textgreater{} renal papilla -\textgreater{} minor calyx -\textgreater{} major calyx -\textgreater{} renal pelvis -\textgreater{} ureter -\textgreater{} and finally to the bladder. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anatomy of the Renal System}}  \tn
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{\bf{Main Organs}} & {\bf{Internal (Kidney)}} \tn 
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Kidneys & Cortex \tn 
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Ureters & Medulla \tn 
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Urethra & Renal Pelvis \tn 
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Urinary Bladder & Renal Artery \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
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 & Renal Papilla \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
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 & Calyces \tn 
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 & Renal Vein \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.05271 cm} x{1.92234 cm} x{1.60195 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hormones}}  \tn
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{\bf{Hormone}} & {\bf{Function}} & {\bf{Source}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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ADH & Water reabsorption & Posterior Pituitary \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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\seqsplit{Aldosterone} & Na+ reabsorption & Adrenal Cortex \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\seqsplit{Erythropoietin} & RBC production & Kidney \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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Renin & Blood pressure regulation & \seqsplit{Juxtaglomerular} Cells \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\seqsplit{Calcutriol} & Vitamin D activation & Kidney \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.64772 cm} x{1.3731 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Common Diseases}}  \tn
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Chronic Kidney Disease & Kidney Cancer & Diabetes \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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Unrinary Tract Infection & \seqsplit{Glomerulonephritis} & \seqsplit{Interstitial} Cystitis \tn 
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Hypertension & Uremia & Urinalysis \tn 
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Acidosis & Kidney Stones & \seqsplit{Pyelonephritis} \tn 
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Ecoptic Kidney & Polycystic Kidney Disease & Kidney Failure \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.00694 cm} x{2.05965 cm} x{1.51041 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cortical vs Juxtamedullary Nephrons}}  \tn
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Core Element & Cortical & \seqsplit{Juxtamedullary} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\seqsplit{Location} & Renal Cortex & Glomerulus \tn 
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\seqsplit{Function} & Absorption and filtration & Concentrates urine \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
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\seqsplit{Percentage} & 85\% & 15\% \tn 
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Blood Supply & Peritubular Cappilaries & Vasa Recta \tn 
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\seqsplit{Association} & Homeostasis & Water conservation \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diagram}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/noush_1748385281_IMG_4397.jpeg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neuroanatomy}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Sympathetic Nervous System}} & {\bf{Parasympathetic Nervous System}} & {\bf{Baroreceptor Reflex}} & {\bf{Hypothalamus \& Posterior Pituitary}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
It is a result of low blood pressure/ loss and stress. The mains effects are the \seqsplit{vasoconstriction} of afferent \seqsplit{arterioles} which leads to ↓ GFR, \seqsplit{stimulates} JG cells leading to ↑ renin, and the \seqsplit{activation} of RAAS which ↑ blood pressure and keeps blood levels constant. & It is in the vagus nerve where there in not a lot of renal input. The main effects are it overlooks the detrusor muscle, keeps the internal urethral sphincter calm, and controls the \seqsplit{sphincter.} & It is found in the arotid sinus and the atria. The main functions is it helps regulate blood pressure by detecting any changes in the levels which also leads to the SNS \seqsplit{activation} allowing for the release of renin and a higher level of Na+ and water. & \seqsplit{Osmoreceptors} detect ↑ plasma \seqsplit{osmolality} Its main functions is to stimulate the release of ADH which leads to ↑ water \seqsplit{reabsorption} and ↓ plasma \seqsplit{osmolality}. \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 28)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Factors}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Reduced GFR and renal vasoconstriction are the results of acute stress activating the SNS and HPA axis. In order to boost blood pressure and preserve fluid, it promotes renin release, which activates RAAS. Prolonged cortisol rise brought on by chronic stress contributes to glomerular damage and hypertension. Water retention may result from elevated ADH levels brought on by stress. In terms of behavior, stress can deteriorate kidney function by causing excessive salt intake, dehydration, and bad habits like excessive caffeine or alcohol consumption.% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fun Facts}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Did you know that your kidneys filter your whole blood volume around 60 times every day? That is around 1.2 to 1.5 liters of blood every minute. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
 If all of the filtering tubules (nephrons) of one kidney were stretched out, they would be approximately 5 miles long. While most individuals are born with two kidneys, it is possible to live a healthy life with only one. The surviving kidney frequently responds by getting bigger and working harder.  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 7)
The human bladder is capable of holding a remarkable amount of pee. Approximately 300-500 milliliters (1.5 to 2 cups) before you feel a strong want to go.  \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 4)
The name "renal" is derived from the Latin word "renes," which means kidney.% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}