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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{PY2103 Statistics Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
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   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 15th July, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.43873 cm} x{2.53827 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics (C) / Assumptions (A) of Research}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Control (C) & Holding constant or eliminating extraneous variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Operationalism (C) & Defining scientific concepts by the specific operations used to measure them. This includes multiple operationalism, where constructs are represented by multiple measures. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Replication (C) & The reproduction of results from one study in additional studies to verify findings. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Uniformity or Regularity in Nature (A) & The assumption that there are consistent and lawful relationships in nature. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 4
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Reality in Nature (A) & The belief that the phenomena studied by scientists are real and observable. \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 5
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Discoverability (A) & The assumption that these regularities and realities can be discovered through scientific investigation. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Approaches}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Research Settings & Field Experiments, Laboratory Experiments, Internet Epxeriments &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Field experiments (RS) & \seqsplit{Artificiliaty} not a problem, but cannot control extraneous variables like in a lab &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Laboratory experiments (RS) & Ability to control extranueous variables, but introduce \seqsplit{artificiality} and poor ecological validity &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Internet experiments (RS) & Easy access, large samples and low cost, but lack of experimenter control, \seqsplit{self-selection}, drop out and multiple participant submissions &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 11)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Approaches (cont)}}  \tn
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Descriptive Research (T) & Observing, recording and describing behaviour &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Relational/Predictive} Research (T) & Describing and \seqsplit{detecting/predicting} \seqsplit{relationships} &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Causal Research (T) & Describing behaviour, predicting \seqsplit{relationships} AND exploring \seqsplit{cause-and-effect} &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Qualitative Research (A) & \seqsplit{Non-numerical}, interpretive approach &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 8
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Quantiative Research (A) & Numerical data &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{white}
Mixed Methods (A) & Mixes Quantitative and Qualitative Research for more complete account &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 10
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Quantiative Experimental & Before making causal claim, three criteria: Co-variation (changes must be correlated), Temporal ordering (cause must precede effect), no Alternate Explanations &  \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 13)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Approaches (cont)}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Between-subjects} design & Different participants exposed to each level of IV &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
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\seqsplit{Within-subjects} design & All participants exposed to all levels of the IV &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 13
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Ads/Disads of Experimental Research & Causal inference, ability to manipulate variables, control & Does not test effects of extraneous variables, \seqsplit{artificiality}, inadequate method of scientific inquiry \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
Quantitative \seqsplit{Non-experimental} & No manipulation of the IV, descriptive research, identifies \seqsplit{factors/relationships} to form hypotheses to then be tested through experimental &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 11)
% Row 15
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Types of Quan \seqsplit{Non-Experimental} & \seqsplit{Correlational} study, Natural manipulation, \seqsplit{cross-sectional} and longitudinal &  \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Approaches (cont)}}  \tn
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Ads/Dis-Ads of Each Type & Research objectives of description and prediction, Research objectives of description and prediction, Multiple Groups/Time points to consider & Sometimes false assumption of causation, false assumption of causation, \seqsplit{cross-sectional/longitudinal} do not always produce similar results \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Strenghts/Weaknesses} of Qualitative Research & Many different data collection methods, good for \seqsplit{describing/understanding}, provides data to develop theory & Difficult to Generalise, varying \seqsplit{interpretations}, objective hypothesis testing procedures not always used \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 9)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Six Data Collection Methods}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Observations} & Researcher watches and records \seqsplit{events/behaviours}. \seqsplit{Naturalistic} or Laboratory \seqsplit{Observations} & Provides firsthand information, allows for study of natural behaviour, captures non-verbal cues, usually \seqsplit{exploratory/open-ended} & Reactive effect if repsondents know they are being observed, \seqsplit{investigator} effects (personal bias), data analysis is \seqsplit{time-consuming} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Questionnaires} & Measures \seqsplit{participants'} opinions and provides \seqsplit{self-reported} demographic info. \seqsplit{Closed-ended} or open-ended \seqsplit{questionnaires} & Efficient for large sample, \seqsplit{standardised} format for easy comparison & Response bias, limited depth of info, potential for \seqsplit{misinterpretation} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Existing} Data & Collection of data that was left behind/used for something different before the current research. Documents, physical data, etc. & \seqsplit{cost-effective}, time-saving, allows for \seqsplit{longitudinal} studies & data may be \seqsplit{incomplete/outdated}, lack of control over data collection methods \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 11)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Six Data Collection Methods (cont)}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Interview} & Can be through multiple mediums \seqsplit{(face-to-face}, phone, etc). Can be synchronous (happens in real-time) or \seqsplit{asynchronous} (over-time) & Good for measuring attitudes, allows for probing, in-depth info, useful for hypothesis testing & People might not recall important info, reactive effects, \seqsplit{investigator} effects, expensive and \seqsplit{time-conusming} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
Focus \seqsplit{Groups} & Collection of data in a group situation where moderator leads discussion with a small group & Useful for exploring ideas and concepts, provides window into internal thinking, in-depth info, can be taped & Can be ex, difficult to find good moderator, reactive and \seqsplit{investigator} effects, measurement validity low \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 9)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Tests & Data collection instruments designed to measure something. \seqsplit{Standardised} (existing, tested in previous research) or \seqsplit{Researcher-constructed} (new, often \seqsplit{specifically} developed to test for variables) & Provides measures of many \seqsplit{characteristics}, usually alr developed, \seqsplit{availability} of data to reference, easy data analysis & Can be ex, reactive participant effects, might not be appropriate for certain samples, open-ended Qs not avail \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 17)
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}