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\author{njags21}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-biology-unit-6-inheritance.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (njags21)
  /Subject (AP Biology Unit 6 - Inheritance Cheat Sheet)
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Biology Unit 6 - Inheritance Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{njags21} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/122373/cs/22836/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}njags21 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/njags21} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 15th May, 2020.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{experiments}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Griffith - transformation experiment & experiments w several deff strains of bacteria diplococcus pneumonia \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
some virulent & some harmless \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
discovered bacterial transformation & bacteria can transform harmless cells into virulent ones by transferring some genetic factor from one bacteria to another \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Avery, MacLeod, McCarty & found out that transformation factor was DNA \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA not protein was the genetic material} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA was the agent that carried genetic characteristics from virulent dead bacteria to living nonvirulent bacteria} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Hershey \& Chase & supported that DNA was genetic material \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{tagged bacteriophages w radioactive isotopes \textasciicircum{}32\textasciicircum{}P which labeled DNA bc has phosphorus this leveled DNA f phage viruses} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}35\textasciicircum{}S for protein bc had sulfur and leveled protein coat of phage viruses} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{radioactive phosphorus in the phage always entered the bacterium while sulfur remained outside the cells} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{proved DNA from viral nucleus not protein from viral coat was infecting bacteria and producing thousands of progeny} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{experiments (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
rosalind franklin & DNA is helix (photo 51) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{X ray crystallography analysis of DNA that showed DNA to be a helix} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{her work was critical to Watson and crick} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
watson and crick & but first model of DNA \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{popsed double helix structure of DNA and used to build model} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{used biochemical analysis of dna from Erwin chargaff} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{a nd x ray diffraction analysis of Rosalind Franklin} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{led to how we replicate dna} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
meselson and stahl & proved dna replicates in a semiconservative fashion \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{cultured bacteria in medium containing heavy nitrogen allowing bacteria to incorporate heavy nitrogen into dna as they replicate} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{bacteria then transfered to medium containing light nitrogen and allowed to replicate and dive only once} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{resulting bacteria were spun in centrifuge} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{found to be midway density bet bacteria grown in heavy nitrogen and light nitrogen} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{new bacteria contained one heavy and one light} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.63781 cm} x{2.33919 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{structure of dna}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{double helix shaped like twisted ladder w two strands running in opp directions (antiparallel)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{one strand runs 5' to 3' right side up} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{other runs 3' to 5' upside down} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{has repeating units of nucleotides} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{nucleotide: 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{carbon atoms in deoxyribose are labelled 1 to 5} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
adenine and guanine purines & A G pure \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
cytosine and thymine pyrimidine & C T pyr \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{bases of opp chains are paired. by hydrogen bonds} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{C G covergirl // more makeup//triple hydro bond} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{AT double bc less makeup} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA gets packed and unpacked as needed in nucleus} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{eukaryotic dna combines w proteins called histones} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{only separates from these BRIEFLY during replication} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA + histones=chromatin} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{double helix wraps twice around a core of histones} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
forms nucleosomes & look like beads on a string \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{purines have double ring structure} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{pyrimidines have single ring structure} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{rna}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{single stranded helix} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{uracil replaces thymine} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{5 carbon sugar is ribose} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{central dogma}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{from dna to protein} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{transcription, rna processing, translation} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.44333 cm} x{3.53367 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA replication in eukaryotes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{making an exact replica of the dna molecule by semi conservative replication} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{predicted by watson and crick, proven by meselson} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{dna double helix unzips} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{each strand serves as a template fro the formation of a new strand composed of complementary nucleotides} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{two new molecules each consists of one old strand and one new} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{replication begins at origins of replication} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{where 2 dna strands separate to form replication bubbles} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{speed up process of replication along the giant dna molecule} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{bubble expands as replication proceeds in both directions at once} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{each end of replication bubble is replication fork} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Y shaped region where new strands of dna are elongating} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{eventually all bubbles fuse} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA polymerase catalyzes antiparallel elongation of new DNA strands} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA pol builds new strand from eh 5' to 3' direction by moving along the template strand and pushing replication fork ahead of it} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA pol canNOT initiate synthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of a preexisting chain} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{preexisting chain consists of RNA and is called RNA primer} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.44333 cm} x{3.53367 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA replication in eukaryotes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{primate makes primer by joining rna nucleotides} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA pol replicates two strands differently} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{builds both in 5' to 3' direction} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{one is formed TOWARD replication fork in unbroken linear fashion} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(leading strand)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{others formed AWAY from the replication fork in a series of segments called Okazaki fragments} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(lagging strand)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{joined into one continuous strand by enzyme DNA ligase} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
helicase & unzips double helix at replication fork \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{separate two parental strands, making them available as templates} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{single stranded binding protein} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{act as scaffolding holding dna strands apart} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{topoisomerase lessens the tension on tightly wound helix by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA pol carries out mismatch repair} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{proofreading that corrects errors} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{damaged regions of dna are excised by dna nuclease} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{each time dna replicates some nucleotides from ends of chromosomes are lost} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{to protect against this possible loss of genes, eukaryotes have special nonsense nucleotide sequences (TTAGGG) at ends of chromosomes that repeat thousands of times} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
called telomeres & protective ends \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.44333 cm} x{3.53367 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA replication in eukaryotes (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{created and maintained by enzyme telomerase} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{normal body cells have little telomerase so every time the DNA replicates, telomeres get shorter, this serves as clock that counts cell divisions and causes the cell to stop dividing as cell ages} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}