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\author{njags21}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-biology-unit-4-mitosis-and-meiosis.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (njags21)
  /Subject (AP Biology Unit 4 - Mitosis \& Meiosis Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Biology Unit 4 - Mitosis \& Meiosis Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{njags21} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/122373/cs/22778/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}njags21 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/njags21} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 14th May, 2020.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{why do cells divide}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{growth, repair, reproduction} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\seqsplit{mitosis} & produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells (called clones) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{preserves diploid (2n) chromosome number} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{passes a complete genome from parent to child} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\seqsplit{genome} & whole of its hereditary information encoded in its DNA, includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 5
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\seqsplit{meiosis} & in sexually reproducing organisms, results in haploid cells (have half the chromosome \# of the parent)(n) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{structure of a replicated chromosome}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{replicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatis where one is an exact copy of the other. \newline  \newline centromere is a specialized region that holds the two chromatids together \newline  \newline kinetochore is a disc-shaped protein on the centromere that attaches the chromatid to the mitotic spindle during cell division}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{cell cycle basics}}  \tn
% Row 0
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bone marrow cells & always dividing to produce constant supply of red and white blood cells \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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liver cells & arrested in G0 (have stopped dividing) can be induced to divide about/regenerate when liver tissue is damaged \tn 
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% Row 2
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human intestine cells & divide ab twice a day to renew tissue destroyed during digestion \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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specialized cell ex (nerve cells) & do not divide at all \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{process is regulated in any case by a complex mechanism involving kinases and allosteric interactions} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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ratio of volume of cell to SA and capacity of nucleus to control the entire cell & limit cell size and promote cell division \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ratio of cell volume to sa}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{as cell grows, sa increases as the square of the radius and volume increases as the cube of the radius} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{volume inside cell grows at faster rate than cell membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{determines when cell divides} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{capacity of nucleus}}  \tn
% Row 0
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{bc of this metabolically active cells are usually small} \tn 
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% Row 2
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% Row 3
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% Row 4
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human skeletal muscle cells & giant multinucleate cells \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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fungus slime molds & consist of one giant cell that has thousands of nuclei \tn 
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contact inhibition//density dependent inhibition & normal cells grow and divide until they become too crusaded then they stop and enter G0 \tn 
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% Row 1
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anchorage dependence (ANIMALS) & to divide, cell must be attached or anchored to some surface \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{can be Petri dish (in vitro) or extracellular membrane (in vivo)} \tn 
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% Row 3
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{divide uncontrollably, and do not have to be anchored to any membrane} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}is why cancer cells can migrate or metastasize to other regions of body} \tn 
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% Row 0
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cell cycle control system & regulates the rate at which cells divide \tn 
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% Row 1
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% Row 4
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{timing of cell cycle is initiated by growth factors and controlled by 2 molecules} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{cyclins and protein kinases} \tn 
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{cyclins get name bc levels cyclicly rise and fall in dividing cells} \tn 
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% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{synthesized during every S and G2 phase} \tn 
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% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{broken down after M phase} \tn 
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% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{kinases are and ubiquitous class of proteins that activate other proteins by phosphorylating them} \tn 
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% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{only activated when bound to a cyclin} \tn 
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% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{named cyclin dependent kinases (cdk)} \tn 
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% Row 13
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% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{ex of this is mpf which triggers cells passage from G2 to mitosis} \tn 
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% Row 15
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{maturation (mitosis) promoting factor} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{contributes to molecular events required fro chromosome condensation and spindle formation during prophases} \tn 
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% Row 17
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{after M phase, during anaphase, mpf switches off by initiating process that leads to the breakdown of cyclin} \tn 
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% Row 0
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G1 & intense {\bf{growth}} and {\bf{biochemical activity}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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s & synthesis/{\bf{replication of DNA}} \tn 
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% Row 2
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% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{more than {\bf{90\%}} of cells life is in interphase} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{in interphase, {\bf{chromatin}} is threadlike, not condensed} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{centrosome consisting of two centrioles may be seen in the cytoplasm of ANIMAL cell} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{centrosome is {\bf{duplicated}} during s phase} \tn 
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% Row 7
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G2 - M transition & two centrosomes separate from one another and move to opposite poles \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{plant cells {\bf{lack}} centrosomes but have microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{these have the same function} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{consists of the actual dividing of the nucleus}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{equatorial plate=metaphase plate \newline  \newline centrosomes at opp poles of cell \newline  \newline spindle fibers run from centrosome to kinetochores in the centromeres}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{supercoiled chromosomes uncoil back to chromatin}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{supercoiled chromosomes uncoil back to chromatin}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{dividing of the cytoplasm \newline  \newline begins during anaphase \newline  \newline animal cells: cleavage furrow froms down middle of cell as actin and myosin microfilaments pinch in the cytoplasm \newline  \newline plant cells: cell plate forms during telophase as vesicles from golgi coalesce down middle of cell, daughter plant cell DO NOT separate \newline  \newline new cell wall forms and sticky middle lamella cements adjacent cells together}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{activity of cdk rises and falls depedning on changes in concen of cyclin \newline  \newline peaks of mpf activity correspond to rise in cyclin concentration \newline  \newline cyclin leves rise during S and G2 phases and then fall abrubtly during the M phase}  \tn 
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% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{generates genetic diversity that is the raw material for natural selection and evolution} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{produces gametes (ova and sperm)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{have haploid or monoploid chromosomes (n)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{half genetic material of parent cell} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{nucleus divides twice} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{each gamete differs genetically from every other gamete} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{sexual reproduction involves fusion of two haploid gametes and restores diploid chromosome \# to offspring} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
meiosis I reduction division & homologous chromosomes separate \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{each chromosome pairs up w homologue in synaptonemal complex by process called synapsis} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{forms structure called tetrad (set of 4) or bivalent (in pairs)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{by aligning/binding crossing over is likely} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}process by which non sister chromatids exchange genetic material} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{results in recombination of genetic material} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{ensures greater variation among gametes} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
meiosis II like mitosis & sister chromatids separate into diff cells \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{prophase I}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/njags21_1589480470_prophase 1.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-synapsis, pairing of homologues occurs \newline crossing over, exchange of homologous bits of chromosomes \newline -chiasmata, visible manifestations of the crossover events are visible \newline -sets stage for separation (segregation of DNA)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{metaphase 1}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/njags21_1589481756_metaphase 1.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{spindle fibers from poles of the cell are attached to the centromeres of each pair of homologues}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{anaphase 1}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/njags21_1589481819_anaphase 1.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{telophase 1 / cytokinesis 1}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/njags21_1589482370_telophase 1:cytokinesis 1.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{in telophase: each pole has haploid \# of chromosomes \newline  \newline cytokinesis occurs simultaneously w telophase 1  \newline  \newline in some species interphase occurs bet meiosis 1 and 2, in other none \newline  \newline NO chromosome replication in bet meiosis 1 and 2}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{meiosis 2}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Image could not be loaded.} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{same as mitosis \newline  \newline chromosome \# remains haploid}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{meiosis and genetic variation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3 types of genetic variation occur from meiosis and fertilization} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over, random fertilization of an ovum by a sperm} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.63781 cm} x{2.33919 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{independent assortment of chromosomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{homologous pairs separate depending on the random way they line up on the metaphase plate during metaphase 1} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{each pair of chromosomes can line up in two possible orientations} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
50\% chance receive maternal chrom & 50\% chance receive paternal chrom \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
possible \# of combinations of chromosomes is 2\textasciicircum{}23 & bc 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{crossover}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{produces recombinant chromosomes that combine genes inherited from both parents} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{may be 2 to 3 crossover events in humans} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{metaphase 2 recombinant chromosomes line up on metaphase plate in random fashion} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\textasciicircum{}increases possible types of gametes even more} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{random fertilization}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{human ovum and sperm represent 8 million possible chromosome combinations {\bf{respectively}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
when one sperm fertilizes one ovum & 8 million x 8 million recombinations can occur \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}