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% Document Info
\author{njags21}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ap-biology-unit-1-biochemistry.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (njags21)
  /Subject (AP Biology Unit 1 - Biochemistry Cheat Sheet)
}

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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AP Biology Unit 1 - Biochemistry Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{njags21} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/122373/cs/22726/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}njags21 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/njags21} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 9th May, 2020.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{most common elements in all living matter}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{CHONPS} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.73926 cm} x{2.38004 cm} p{0.4577 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{bonds}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ionic & transfer of electrons &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
covalent & sharing of electrons &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textasciicircum{}polar & unequal sharing &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\textasciicircum{}non polar & equal sharing &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
hydrogen bonds & weak bonds between hydrogen and negatively charged item &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
hydrophobic interactions & how non-polar compounds congregate together (lipids) &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
van der waal & weak forces over short distances bet non polar, elecs end up in one part of mlc &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{strong vs weak bonds}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
strong bond & covalent \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
weak bond & hydrogen, ionic \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{pH}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ranges from 0-14 & measures amount of hydrogen ion concentration \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
acid & 0-6, molecule that increases hydronium concentration, more H+ concentration \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
distilled water / neutral & 7 \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
base & 8-14, molecule that increases hydroxide concentration, less H+ concen \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
formula & pH = −log {[}H+{]} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
each increment on the pH scale is a tenfold change & -pH 3 = 10\textasciicircum{}-3 = 1/1000 \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Blood-7.4, stomach-2, small intestine-8 & enzymes are specific to pH \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
buffer & accepts/donates H+ to stabilize pH \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{chemical reactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dehydration synthesis & loss of water, monomers join together to make polymers, water is BYPRODUCT \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
hydrolysis & input of water, polymers are broken down, water is USED \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.09494 cm} x{3.88206 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{isomers}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{organic compounds that have the same molecular formula, but diff structures} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{structural} & differ in arr of atoms \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{cis-trans} & spatial arrangement of double bonds (double not flexible like single) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{enantiomers} & mirror images of each other, think hands \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{properties of water}}  \tn
% Row 0
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properties are all because of hydrogen bonding & except for high heat of vap and specific heat &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{polarity} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
cohesion & water mlcs stick to itself & caused by polar \seqsplit{mlcs//surface} tension \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
adhesion & water mlcs sticking to/attracted to other charged compounds & capillary \seqsplit{action//water} climbs glucose and glass \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
low density when frozen & most substances become denser as a solid, not water//ice \seqsplit{floats//hydrogen} bonds create a lattice and puts space bet mlcs & ocean doesn't freeze \seqsplit{solid/surface} ice insulates below water \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 10)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
versatile solvent & solute - sub you dissolve into a liq \seqsplit{(sugar)//solvent} - dissolves other subs \seqsplit{(water)//aqueous} \seqsplit{solution-solution} in which water is the solvent & like dissolves like, water can dissolve other polar \seqsplit{mlcs//water's} a versatile solvent due to its polarity - it forms H-bonds easily \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 11)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{properties of water (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
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high heat of \seqsplit{fusion/vaporization} & the heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas & evaporative \seqsplit{cooling:surface} cools down once water leaves it \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
high specific heat & Must add lots of heat to increase temp & H2O moderates earths temperature \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{carbohydrates}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
CHO & 1:2:1 \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
monomer & monosaccharide \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(2 mono) & disaccharide \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
polymer (3 or more mono) & polysaccharide \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Provide cells with quick/short-term energy, source of dietary fiber & Used for energy (cell respiration) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{end with suffix -ose} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
glycosidic bond/linkages & covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis formed bet monosaccharides to form di- and polysaccharides \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
maltose & glucose/glucose \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
sucrose & glucose/fructose \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
lactose & glucose/galactose \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
disaccharide & C12 H22 O11 (double then remove H2O) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
glucose & C6 H12 O6 \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{types of carbs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{function} & animal & plant &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{storage} & glycogen (stored in liver and skeletal muscle) "animal starch" & starch (two forms are amylose and \seqsplit{amylopectin/are} both glucose monomers & \seqsplit{(starch)joined} through alpha glycosidic bonds (CAN be digested by humans) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{structural} & chitin \seqsplit{(exoskeleton} in arthropods and cell wall in fungi) & cellulose used for plant cell walls & both are by beta glycosidic bonds (CANNOT be broken down by animals \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{glucose}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/njags21_1589057622_glucose.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{lipids}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Provide cells with long-term energy, make up biological membranes} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{in all membranes; stored energy, protection, insulation, myelin sheath of nerves} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{generally considered hydrophobic} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{used for insulation and buoyancy in marine and Artic animals} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
monomer & fatty acids and glycerol \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
CHO (P only in phospholipids) & NOT in 1:2:1 ratio \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Phospholipids (glycerol + phosphate + TWO fatty acids) & makeup cell membranes (Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
amphipathic & having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
steroids & liquids that consist of 4 fused rings; many steroid hormones in animals are produced from cholesterol \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
saturated & single bonds between carbons \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
unsaturated & have at least one double bond between carbons (kinky) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
plants make polyunsaturated & several double or triple bonds between carbon atoms \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{lipids (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
animals make monounsaturated & saturated except for one multiple bond \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{structure of lipids}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{fat/triglyceride ( glycerol + 3 fatty acids)} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{most energy-rich of biologically important compounds} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{too much leads to buildup in arteries - atherosclerosis} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{unsaturated vs saturated}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/njags21_1589057503_saturated vs unsaturated.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{proteins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{protein carriers in the cell membrane, antibodies, hemoglobin, enzymes, most hormones} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Provide cell structure, send chemical signals, speed up chemical reactions, etc} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{perform structural, catalytic, signalling, defense, and transport duties in a cell} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{CHON (may have other elements in R group)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
monomer & amino acid (20 types) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & dipeptide \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
polymer (3 or more) & polypeptide \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
parts of an amino acid & carboxyl (COOH) group on one end, amino a group on the other end (NH2), the central carbon atom and variable R-group \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Protein folding & shape determines function \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
protein shape & depends on primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
denaturation & a protein back to an inactive form can take place with changes to pH, salt concentration, temperature, or exposure to toxic compounds \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{amino acid structure}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/njags21_1589059085_amino acid structure.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.9954 cm} x{3.9816 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{protein folding}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
primary & amino acid chain \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{secondary} & beta pleated sheet or alpha helix (hydrogen bonds) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{tertiary} & globular; folds in on itself (disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interaction; ionic bonding \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{quaternary} & more than one polypeptide. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{protein folding}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/njags21_1589058645_protein folding.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{nucleic acids}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Store and pass on genetic information} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{CHONPS} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
monomer & nucleotide \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & dinucleotide \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
polymer (3 or more mono)(3 or more) & polynucleotide \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
nucleotide structure & sugar, phosphate, and base \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
DNA & double-stranded, has deoxyribose, bases A, G, C, T \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
RNA & single-stranded, has ribose, bases A, G, C, U \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{nucleotide structure}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/njags21_1589059188_nucleotide structure.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{deoxyribose vs ribose (these are CARBS)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/njags21_1589059364_ribose vs deoxyribose.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}