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% Document Info
\author{nicole1994}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (microbiology-unit-3.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (nicole1994)
  /Subject (Microbiology unit 3 Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Microbiology unit 3 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{nicole1994} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/45335/cs/20820/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}nicole1994 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/nicole1994} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 30th October, 2019.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Hypersensitivity}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Hypersensitivity}} is an antigenic response that isn't normal; allergies are an example & There are four types of hypersensitivity reactions: type 1 (anaphylactic), type 2 (cytotoxic), type 3 (immune complex), and type 4 (delayed cell-mediated, or delayed hypersensitivity) \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.65825 cm} p{0.65825 cm} p{0.65825 cm} p{0.65825 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Type 1 reactions - anaphylactic reactions}}}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Anaphylactic} reactions occur within 2 to 30 minutes of coming into contact with an antigen & IgE \seqsplit{antibodies} bind to mast cells or \seqsplit{basophils;} causes \seqsplit{degranulation} of mast cells or basophils, and causes the release of reactive \seqsplit{substances} like histamine & There are two types of \seqsplit{anaphylactic} \seqsplit{reactions:} {\bf{systemic anaphylaxis}} and {\bf{localized anaphylaxis}} & {\bf{Systemic anaphylaxis}} is the result of an \seqsplit{individual}, who is \seqsplit{sensitized} to a \seqsplit{particular} antigen, is exposed to the \seqsplit{particular} antigen again. An example is an allergic reaction to \seqsplit{penicillin} \tn 
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{\bf{Localized anaphylaxis}} is the result of someone ingesting (eating a food) inhaling (things like pollen) an antigen, and the symptoms depend on the way the antigen entered the body & \seqsplit{Sensitivity} to an antigen is shown by a rapid \seqsplit{inflammation} reaction that causes swelling, redness, and itching at the \seqsplit{inoculation} site. The \seqsplit{inoculation} site is called a {\bf{wheal}} & {\bf{Desensitization}} is one way to prevent \seqsplit{anaphylactic} reactions, and avoiding the antigens known to cause reactions is another way to prevent an \seqsplit{anaphylactic} reaction & {\bf{Desensitization}} involves \seqsplit{increasing} the dosages of the antigen, and carefully injecting the dosages beneath the skin \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 19)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Microbial diseases of the skin}}}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi/parasites} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Bacterial diseases of the skin}}}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{The bacteria that cause well known diseases are {\emph{Staphylococci}}, {\emph{Streptococci}}, {\emph{Micrococci}}, {\emph{Propionibacterium acnes}}, and {\emph{Pseudomonas aeruginosa}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Viral diseases of the skin}}}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{The viruses that cause well known skin diseases are {\emph{Morbillivirus}}, the mumps virus, {\emph{Togaviruses}}, {\emph{Papillomas coxsackievirus/entovirus}}, Smallpox, and {\emph{Haemophilus influenzae}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Fungal and parasitic diseases of the skin}}}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{The fungi and parasites that cause well known diseases of the skin are ringworm, {\emph{Candida albicans}}, and {\emph{Sarcoptes scabiei}} mites*} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Helminths}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Most parasitic animals belong to one of two phyla: {\bf{Platyhelminthes}} (flatworms) and {\bf{Nematoda}} (roundworms)} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.65825 cm} p{0.65825 cm} p{0.65825 cm} p{0.65825 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Nematodes, aka the roundworms}}  \tn
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The {\bf{roundworms}} have \seqsplit{cylindrical} bodies and have a complete digestive system & The \seqsplit{roundworms} are dioecious & The males have {\bf{spicules}}, which are used to take the sperm to the female's genital pore & There are \seqsplit{free-living} and parasitic nematodes \tn 
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Some nematodes have eggs that are infective for humans & The nematodes that have infective eggs are {\emph{Ascaris lumbricoides}} (infects human \seqsplit{intestines)}, {\emph{Trichuris trichiura}} (whipworm \seqsplit{transmitted} by \seqsplit{fecal-oral} \seqsplit{transmission} or \seqsplit{feces-contaminated} food), and {\emph{Enterobius vermicularis}} (pinworm that spends its life in a human host; adult pinworms are found in the host's large \seqsplit{intestine)} & Some nematodes have larvae that infect humans & The nematode larvae that infect humans are {\emph{Strongyloides}} (there is a \seqsplit{reemergence} of {\emph{Strongyloides}} \seqsplit{infections;} the larvae can travel to the intestine or the lungs), the hookworms (enter the skin and are carried to the \seqsplit{intestines)}, and {\emph{Dirofilaria immitis}} (causes heartworm and is spread by \seqsplit{mosquitoes)} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.65825 cm} p{0.65825 cm} p{0.65825 cm} p{0.65825 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Protozoa}}  \tn
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The protozoa are \seqsplit{unicellular} \seqsplit{eukaryotes} that inhabit water and soil & The \seqsplit{protozoans} have complex life cycles and \seqsplit{animal-like} nutrition & They require a large supply of water & Some protozoa have a pellicle, which is an outer \seqsplit{protective} covering. The protozoa that have pellicles require \seqsplit{specialized} \seqsplit{structures} to take in food \tn 
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\seqsplit{Protozoa's} food is digested in {\bf{vacuoles}} and wastes are \seqsplit{eliminated} through an {\bf{anal pore}} & There are some medically important protozoa: the {\bf{Excavata}}, {\bf{Amebae}}, {\bf{Apicomplexa}}, and the {\bf{Ciliates}} & Amebae move by extending {\emph{pseudopods}}* & The amebae {\emph{Entamoeba histolytica}} causes amebic dysentery \tn 
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The amebae {\emph{Acanthamoeba}} infects the corneas and causes blindness & The amebae {\emph{Balamuthia}} causes \seqsplit{granulomatous} amebic \seqsplit{encephalitis} & {\bf{Apicomplexa}} are nonmotile, obligate \seqsplit{intracellular} parasites that have complex life cycles & The \seqsplit{apicomplexan} parasite {\emph{Plasmodium}} causes malaria, and it's \seqsplit{transmitted} by insect bites \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 10)
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.65825 cm} p{0.65825 cm} p{0.65825 cm} p{0.65825 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Protozoa (cont)}}  \tn
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The \seqsplit{apicomplexan} paraside {\emph{Babesia}} affects the red blood cells of its host. It causes fever and anemia of \seqsplit{immunocompromised} people. It's \seqsplit{transmitted} by an insect bite & The \seqsplit{apicomplexan} parasite {\emph{Toxoplasma gondii}} is \seqsplit{transmitted} by cats and causes fetal \seqsplit{infections} & The \seqsplit{apicomplexan} parasite {\emph{Cryptosporidium}} is \seqsplit{transmitted} by feces and causes waterbone illness &  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Platyhelminths, aka the flatworms}}  \tn
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There are two types of flatworms: {\bf{trematodes, or flukes}} and the {\bf{cestodes, or tapeworms}} & The trematodes usually have flat, leaf-shaped bodies with a ventral sucker and an oral sucker \tn 
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The lung fluke (lung trematode) is a member of the {\emph{Paragonimus}} species & The Asian liver fluke (Asian liver trematode) is known as {\emph{Clonorchis sinensis}} \tn 
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The blood flukes (blood trematode) are members of the {\emph{Schistosoma}} species & The trematodes are given common names according to the tissue of the definitive host that the adult trematodes live in \tn 
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The trematodes absorb food through their nonliving outer covering, which is called the {\bf{cuticle}} & Cestodes are intestinal parasites \tn 
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The head of cestodes is known as the {\bf{scolex}}, and the body is made up of segments called {\bf{proglottids}} & Cestodes don't have a digestive system, so to obtain nutrients from the host's small intestine, they absorb food through their cuticle \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)}}  \tn
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The trematodes are also known as the flukes & The trematodes have a flat, leaf-shaped body. They also have an oral and ventral sucker \tn 
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The {\emph{Paragonimus}} species is known as the lung fluke & The {\emph{Schistosoma}} species is known as the blood fluke \tn 
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The cestodes are known as the tapeworms & The head is known as the {\bf{scolex}}, and it has suckers for attachment \tn 
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The body segments of the cestodes are called {\bf{proglottids}}; the proglottids have male and female reproductive organs & The cestode {\emph{Taenia solium}} uses humans as a definitive host \tn 
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The cestodes that use humans as a definitive host produce eggs in the human, the eggs hatch in to larvae, and the larvae bore into the intestinal wall & The cestodes produce cysticerci in pigs \tn 
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When humans are the intermediate hosts for cestodes, humans ingest the eggs, and the eggs hatch in the intestine. The larvae migrate to the liver or the lungs of the host and form a hydatid cyst & The cestode species {\emph{Echinococcus granulosus}} uses humans as an intermediate host \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{x{1.7165 cm} x{1.7165 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of helminths}}  \tn
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They might lack a digestive system & They have a reduced nervous system \tn 
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Their means of moving (locomotion) are occasionally reduced or are completely lacking & The reproductive system is usually complex \tn 
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Adult helminths life cycle can be {\bf{dioecious}} or {\bf{monoecious, or hermaphroditic}} & {\bf{Dioecious}} adult helminths have male reproductive organs in one individual, and female reproductive organs in another individual \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Monoecious}} adult helminths have male and female reproductive structures in the same individual} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
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