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% Document Info
\author{nicole1994}
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  /Title (botany-unit-3.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (nicole1994)
  /Subject (Botany unit 3 Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Botany unit 3 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{nicole1994} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/45335/cs/20867/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}nicole1994 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/nicole1994} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 24th October, 2019.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pteridophytes (chapter 17)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pteridophyte characteristics} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{They are vascular (they have roots, stems, and leaves)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The cells are cylindrical or elongated, and network throughout the plant} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Xylem moves water and ions (positive and negative) around the plant} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phloem moves organic molecules, like sugars, around the plants} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The sporophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pteridophytes (chapter 17)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Club mosses - the Lycophytes}} & {\emph{Selaginella}} is the only genus of the family \seqsplit{Selaginellaceae} & Most are found in tropical areas, and a few (seven genera) are found in the US and Canada & The club mosses are \seqsplit{homosporous} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
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{\emph{Selaginella}} has an \seqsplit{herbaceous} \seqsplit{sporophyte} that bears \seqsplit{microphylls}. Its \seqsplit{sporophylls} are arranged in strobili & {\emph{Selaginella}} has a ligule (small, scalelike \seqsplit{outgrowth)} with unisexual \seqsplit{gametophytes} & The club mosses have sporangia, which are modified leaves (or leaf-like organs) that bear the \seqsplit{spore-producing} sporangia & Each \seqsplit{sporophyte} of {\emph{Selaginella}} has a single \seqsplit{sporangium} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 12)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
In the US and Canada, \seqsplit{nonphotosynthetic} \seqsplit{sporophylls} are grouped into strobili (cones) at the ends of the aerial branches & \seqsplit{Megasporophylls} produce \seqsplit{megasporangia} & Spores of club mosses bring bisexual \seqsplit{gametophytes} about during \seqsplit{germination} & \seqsplit{Microsporophylls} produce \seqsplit{microsporangia} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 12)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pteridophytes (chapter 17) (cont)}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Megasporangia} and \seqsplit{microsporangia} occur in the same strobilus & The sperm of {\emph{Selaginella}} require water to swim to the \seqsplit{archegonia} and fertilize the eggs. \seqsplit{Fertilization} occurs after the \seqsplit{gametophytes} have been shed from the strobilus & {\emph{Isoetes}}, the \seqsplit{quillworts}, is the only genus of the family \seqsplit{Isoetaceae} & {\emph{Isoetes}} is \seqsplit{heterosporus} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 17)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} x{1.04425 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Pteridophytes (chapter 17)}}}}  \tn
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{\bf{Ferns - the Monilophytes}} & The phylum \seqsplit{Monilophyta} is made up of the ferns and \seqsplit{horsetails} & There are four major lineages of the \seqsplit{Monilophytes:} the \seqsplit{Psilotopsida}, the \seqsplit{Marattiopsida}, the \seqsplit{Polypodiopsida}, and the \seqsplit{Equisetopsida} & Ferns are either \seqsplit{eusporangiate} or \seqsplit{leptosporangiate}, in terms of the structure and method of \seqsplit{development} of their sporangia \tn 
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In a \seqsplit{eusporangium}, the parent cells (or initials) are located at the surface of the tissue from which the \seqsplit{sporangium} is produced & \seqsplit{Leptosporangia} come from a single \seqsplit{superficial} parent cell, which divides \seqsplit{transversely} or obliquely & Sporangia are stalked, and each has a special layer of unevenly \seqsplit{thick-walled} cells called an {\bf{annulus}} & The leaves, or fronds, of the \seqsplit{Polypodiopsida} are called fronds. The fronds are \seqsplit{megaphylls}, and they're the most \seqsplit{conspicuous} part of the \seqsplit{sporophyte} \tn 
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The ferns are the only seedless vascular plants to have \seqsplit{well-developed} \seqsplit{megaphylls} & The fronds are compound; the lamina is divided into {\bf{pinnae}} \seqsplit{(leaflets)}, which are attached to the {\bf{rachis}} \seqsplit{(extension} of the leaf stalk) & In almost all ferns, the young leaved are circinate (coiled), and they're referred to as \seqsplit{"fiddleheads"} & Circinate venation refers to the type of leaf \seqsplit{development} in which leaves of young ferns are curled \tn 
% Row Count 43 (+ 15)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Pteridophytes (chapter 17)}} (cont)}}  \tn
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In many genera of ferns, young sori are covered by \seqsplit{specialized} \seqsplit{outgrowths} of the leave called the {\bf{indusia}} \seqsplit{(singular:} indusium) & The sporangia occur in clusters called sori \seqsplit{(singular:} sorus) & \seqsplit{Gametophytes} typically develop rapidly into a flat, \seqsplit{heart-shaped} structure called the {\bf{prothallus}} & The water ferns are \seqsplit{heterosporous}, \seqsplit{leptosporangiate} ferns \tn 
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The rhizomes of the water ferns grow in the mud, in damp soil, or often with the leaves floating on the surface of the water & The leaves of {\emph{Marsilea}} resemble the leaves of a four-leaf clover & {\emph{Azolla}} and {\emph{Salvinia}} are small ferns that float on top of the water &  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gymnosperms: chapter 18}}  \tn
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{\bf{Coniferophyta (the conifers)}} & {\bf{Cycadophyta (the cycads)}} & {\bf{Ginkgophyta (ginkgo, or maidenhair tree}} & {\bf{Gnetophyta (the gnetophytes)}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gymnosperms}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Characteristics of gymnosperms}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Seeded, vascular plants} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{There are extinct and living gymnosperms} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The extinct gymnosperms are the seed ferns and the cordaites} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{There are four phyla of living gymnosperms. They are: Coniferophyta (the conifers), Cycadophyta (the cycads), Gingkophyta (the gingko, or maidenhair, tree), and Gnetophyta (the gnetophytes)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Their seeds and ovules are exposed on sporophylls (modified leaves)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Microgametophytes (male gametophytes) develop as pollen grain. Water isn't required as a medium for transporting the sperm to the egg} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pollination is when the pollen grain (partly developed microgametophyte) is transferred bodily to the vicinity of a megagametophyte (female gametophyte) within an ovule} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Angiosperms}}}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Angiosperms}}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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