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  /Title (electrophoresis.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (nenei)
  /Subject (Electrophoresis Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Electrophoresis Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{nenei} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/162536/cs/44903/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}nenei \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/nenei} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 5th November, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electrophoresis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Separation technique} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{on the basis of charge} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{incomplete separation} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"migration of a charged particle under the influence of an electric field"} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{separates- amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids; possess ionizable groups} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.79172 cm} x{3.18528 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Points to remember-}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ion & Migrates towards \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Cation(+) & {\bf{Cathode}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Anion(-) & Anode \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Purpose}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{To determine number , amount, mobility of components in a given sample OR to separate them} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{To obtain information about the electrical double layers surrounding the particles} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Factors affecting electrophoretic mobility-}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sample} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(charge to mass ratio)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 0)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 0)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 0)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Electric field} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 8
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% Row Count 3 (+ 0)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantage over free electrophoresis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Microliters  of sample  are  sufficient} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sample components during  their migration split up into  as many different zones as it  contains differently migrating  components. each zone  consisting of a single  component which can be easily  isolated} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{stabilizing system does not  allow the zones to disperse and  spoil the separation} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Many detection schemes are  Available And elution helps in  further analysis} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gel electrophoresis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Separation not only  depends on the charge on the molecule but also on its size.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Gels are porous and the size of the pores relative to that of the molecule determines whether  the molecule  will enter the pore and be retarded or will bypass it.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Resolution of a sample is sharper and better in a gel than in any other type of medium.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electrophoretic Mobility in Gels}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Molecular sieving action of the gels and its effect on the mobility of  a macromolecule.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The pore size thus the molecular sieving action and therefore the effect on electrophoretic mobility of a molecule are functions of gel concentration} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Kr= C (R + r)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Kr is the retardation coefficient.  C is constant.  R is the mean radius of the macromolecule and  r is the radius of the gel fibers.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Solubilizers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{To study subunit composition of oligomeric proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Solubilizers destabilize native structure of proteins by destroying  charges that associate subunits together} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Urea - Disrupt hydrogen bonds At high concentration (3-12M). Also, dsDNA can be rendered into ssDNA by use of urea.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SDS - SDS is an anionic detergent and disrupts macromolecules whose structure has been stabilized by hydrophobic associations. Also imparts a large negative charge to the denatured polypeptides} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{beta mercaptoethanol - Disrupt Disulphide bridges. Separation of peptides in proteins Linked by disulphide bonds} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Gel}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Starch Gel, Agarose Gel, Acrylamide Gel and Agarose-Acrylamide Gel} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Starch Gel}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{High porosity starch gels are obtained by using 2\% (w/v) starch and low porosity gels are obtained by adding 10-15\% starch to the buffer.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The pore size in a starch gel cannot be controlled and this is the biggest drawback of these gels.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Difficult to prevent contamination of starch gels by microorganisms.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Another disadvantage of starch gels is that upon staining to detect the separated components, the starch gel turns opaque making direct photoelectric determination impossible.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the resolving power of starch  gels is very high and can be matched only by polyacrylamide gels. One of their important applications is the analysis of isoenzyme patterns (zymograms).} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Principle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Any charged ion or molecule migrates when placed in an electric field.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The rate of  migration depend upon its net charge, size, shape and the applied electric current.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Formula}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nenei_1730814686_Screenshot 2024-11-05 191859.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electrophoretic mobility (µ)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Electrophoretic mobility (µ) of an ion is used, which is the ratio  of the velocity of the ion to field strength (v/E)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Electrophoretic mobility v is directly proportional  to the charge and inversely proportional to the  viscosity of the medium, size and shape of the  molecule} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types-}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Free electrophoresis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{carrier-free electrophoresis} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{matrix-free  electrophoretic separation technique} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{used to quantitatively separate samples according to differences in charge or  isoelectric point.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Two Main Techniques- Microelectrophoresis and  Moving  Boundary  Electrophoresis.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Moving boundary electrophoresis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{allows the charged species to migrate in a free moving solution in the absence of a  supporting medium} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Samples are fractioned in a U shaped tube that has been filled with buffer} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{An electrical field is applied by means of electrodes at the ends of the U tube and Separation takes  place as a result of difference in mobilities} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Method was very popular for quantitative analysis of  complex  mixtures of macromolecules, especially proteins,e.g., those in blood  plasma.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{fig-3}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Zone electrophoresis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{separation technique employing stabilizing media} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{electrophoresis in stabilized media} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Paper electrophoresis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Filter paper as a stabilizing medium is very popular for the study of normal and  abnormal plasma proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Paper of good quality should contain at least 95\% of cellulose and should have  only a very slight adsorption capacity.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Chromatography paper is suitable for electrophoresis and needs no preparation  other than to be cut to size.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Two arrangements of paper in paper electrophoresis are horizontal and vertical} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Process}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Filter paper} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Apparatus - Power pack and Electrophoresis cell} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sample application} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Electrophoretic run} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{fig}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nenei_1730818454_Screenshot 2024-11-05 202342.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Detection and Quantitative Assay}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fluorescence} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ultraviolet absorption} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Staining} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Detection of enzymes in situ} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Applications of paper E-}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Separating amino acids into acidic and basic} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Separation of enzymes in blood} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Protein separation in serum} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Studying SCA in blood} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{History}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Time} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Scientist} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Experiment} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Problems}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Generation of heat (of the electrophoretic medium)}} has following effects-} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{increased rate of diffusion of sample and buffer ions leading to broadening of the separated  samples} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{thermal instability of samples that are rather sensitive to heat.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{formation of convection currents, which leads to mixing of separated samples} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{decrease of buffer viscosity, and hence a reduction in the resistance of the  medium} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.9954 cm} x{3.9816 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electroendosmosis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{electroosmotic flow} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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{\bf{Cause-}} & Due to the presence  of charged groups on the surface of the  support medium. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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{\bf{E.g}} & Eg: Carboxyl groups in paper, sulphate impurities in agarose, SiOH  groups in capillary electrophoresis \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diagram}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nenei_1730815407_Screenshot 2024-11-05 193303.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Points}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. {\bf{Electroosmotic Flow (EOF)}}: Movement of liquid in response to an electric field, toward the cathode.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. {\bf{Zeta Potential}}: Surface charges on the gel form an electrical double layer, creating a zeta potential that drives ion flow.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. {\bf{Cation Migration}}: Cations near the capillary wall migrate toward the cathode, dragging the solvent with them.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. {\bf{Electric Field Setup}}: An anode (positive) and cathode (negative) are placed to create the electric field across the medium.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5. {\bf{Ion Separation}}: EOF aids in separating analytes; positive ions move quickly to the cathode, while negative ions are slowed.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{6. {\bf{Applications}}: Used in capillary electrophoresis for separating molecules like DNA and proteins by charge and size.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fig-1}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nenei_1730816566_Screenshot 2024-11-05 195157.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Microelectrophoresis}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{method for determination of zeta potentials} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{apparatus-capillary cell,  two chambers that include electrodes,  and a means of observing the motion of  particles.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{apparatus is filled with very dilute  suspension and the chambers are closed.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{direct-current voltage is applied between electrodes in the respective chambers.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{One uses a microscope to determine the velocity of particles.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Zeta potential values near to zero indicate that the particles in the mixture are likely to  stick together when they collide, unless they also are stabilized by non-electrical factors.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Particles having a negative zeta potential are expected to interact strongly with cationic  additives} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In modern days this technique is applied only for measuring the zeta potentials of cells  such as R.B.Cs, neutrophils, bacteria etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
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\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{fig-2}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nenei_1730817531_Screenshot 2024-11-05 200815.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Advantages}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{it is chemically pure} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{cellulose strips are translucent} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{very low content of glucose.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cellulose acetate is not very hydrophilic and thus holds very little buffer.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}