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\pdfinfo{
  /Title (the-role-of-money-in-an-economy.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (nelaorav)
  /Subject (The role of money in an economy Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{The role of money in an economy Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{nelaorav} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/167833/cs/36054/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 12th December, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Why do we need money?}}  \tn
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{\bf{{\emph{Why do we need money?}}}} & to exchange for those Gs \& Ss we wach need and want but are unable to produce for ourselves \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
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 & we are {\bf{not self-suffiecient and we specialize}} which makes us dependent for some Gs \& Ss on others \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Specialization}}}} & community that practised specialization was able to produce more than enough food, clothes, pots, etc. \tn 
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 & increased production achieved by specialization is the result of the division of labour, where each worker specializes on doing a particular task \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Barter}}}} & was not a first form of money, because the value couldn't be measured fairly \tn 
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 & it was an exchange of Gs \& Ss without using money \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Problems with barter}}}} & {\bf{fixing a rate of exchange}} - the value of each good had to be expressed in the value of another one \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Why do we need money? (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{finding someone to swap with}} - not having the same intrests \tn 
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 & {\bf{trying to save for later usage}} - you can't store Gs for later usage as many of them can go bad \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions and characteristics of money}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{{\emph{Functions}}}} & {\bf{medium of exchange}} - is generally accepted for all Gs \& Ss and we don't have to search for someone who is willing to trade with us \tn 
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 & {\bf{unit of account/measure of value}} - we can reliably price Gs \& Ss to express their true value \tn 
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 & {\bf{store of value}} - it can't go bad (only inflation can make it lose value) \tn 
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% Row 3
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 & {\bf{means of deferred payment}} - borrowers, hire purchase, loans (therefore payments can be spread overtime) \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What makes good money?}}  \tn
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{\bf{{\emph{Money}}}} & is generally acceptable medium of exchange \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Development}}}} & {\bf{commodity money}} - shells, beads or bones were commonly accepted in exchange for Gs \& Ss; later abandoned because it didn't possess the qualities of good money \tn 
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 & {\bf{precious metals}} - gold or silver which were scarce enough but harder to divide \tn 
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 & {\bf{coinage}} - precious metals in predetermined weights and easier to walk around with; they could be easily worn out \tn 
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 & {\bf{paper money}} - people with money saved them at goldsmith's and in return they were given the paper receipt stating their value, later goldsmiths realized that they could issue papers with much more money than they have since nobody is depositing them \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 11)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What makes good money? (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{token money}} - nowadays money is no longer convertible into gold \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Why is money important?}}}} & it encourages specialization by making trade easier which results in increased national output and income and standard of living \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Creation of deposit money}}  \tn
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{\bf{{\emph{Creation of deposit money}}}} & deposits in banks can be converted back into cash so the bankers must ensure they have enough cash to do so \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{credit creation}}}} & for this purpose bankers create reserves - banks receive deposits from which they deduct the deposit ratio to create reserves \tn 
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 & the remaining money can be used to lend to other clients and so does the list go on and on since when someone buys something the seller does the same with his profit \tn 
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 & this process is called credit creation - bankers create moeny by relending any cash that returns to the bank as a bank deposit \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{deposit ration}}}} & a certain percentage of money from deposits \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{the multiplier effect}}}} & if reserve requirement is 20\% and the deposit is 100€ then 80€ can be loaned out to other bank customers, 16€ (20\% from 80€) is then kept as reserve and 64€ is loaned againg until 100€ creates a total of 500€ deposits \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 11)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Creation of deposit money (cont)}}  \tn
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 & the higher the reserve requirement the tighter the money supply - which leads to lower multiplier effect \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Money multiplier equation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nelaorav_1670868081_money multiplier.JPG}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Forms of money}}  \tn
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{\bf{{\emph{Types of money}}}} & {\bf{notes, coins and deposits with banks and other financial institutions create the money supply in an economy}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{financial assets}} can be a good store of value if they are {\bf{liquid assets}} meaning how quickly we can turn them into money \tn 
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 & financial assets can be though of as {\bf{near money}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{near money}} - a form of money, these are non-cash assest which are highly liquid and can be quickly converted into cash (bills of exchange, treasury bills, bonds, shares, fixed and saving deposits, saving certificates, etc.) \tn 
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 & to sum up some assets are nearer money than other because {\bf{some assets fulfill the funcions of money better than other, som assets can be converted into cash quicker than other and some retain their value on conversion to cash better than other}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Forms of money (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{{\emph{Velocity of circulation}}}} & NI of an economy is not equal to SoM because money can be used more than once - they circulate \tn 
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 & VoC is the number of times notes and coins are exchanged or circulate in an economy each year, the higher the VoC the lower the SoM needs to be \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Equation of exchange}}}} & {\bf{M{\emph{V = P}}Y}} \tn 
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 & M = SoM, V = VoC, P = price lvl, Y = real GDP (P*Y = the nominal GDP) \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Liquidity}}}} & the ability to exchange an asset for cash without losing its value \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Money aggregates}}}} & are definitions of what money is, there are two groups of money aggregated in GB \tn 
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 & {\bf{M0}} (base money) contains money as a medium of exchange, cash held by general public \tn 
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 & {\bf{M4}} is a wider definition of what money is, it contains money as a medium of exchange as well as store of value - cash, savings in banks and savings in other financial institutions such as building societies \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The equilibrium interest rate}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nelaorav_1670869210_IR.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Price of money}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{{\emph{Interest}}}} & is the price of money \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{The equilibrium interest rate}}}} & is determined on the money marker when SoM equals demand for money, when ther is and exess demand for money IR rises and vice versa \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Changing of IR}}}} & {\bf{missing out the opportunity to use the money}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{risk of not returning}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{loss of value}} \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Financial system}}}} & money needs to flow where it can be used the best and financial system allows this to happen \tn 
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 & is made up of different parts (banks, other financial institutions - insurance companies, etc.) and it provides crucial services which keep the economy moving  (payments, borrowing, saving, risk management) \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Financial stability}}}} & a way of describing the financial system when it's fulfillin its basic roles \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Market for money}}  \tn
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{\bf{{\emph{financial institutions}}}} & business organizations that specialize in providing financial services (borrowing money, making investments, exchanging the money, etc.) \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Money market}}}} & is made up of all those people and organizations that want money, and all the people and organizations willing and able to supply money \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Commercial banks}}}} & a banks is a financial intermediary because they bring clients who want to save money and clients who want to borrow money \tn 
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% Row 3
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{\bf{{\emph{How banks earn revenue}}}} & {\bf{charge IR on loans}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{charge fees for the provision of other financial services}} (withdrawls from ATMs, exchanging and transferring foreign currency, etc.) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Market for money (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{they make invesments, etc.}} \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Commercial banks provide these services}}}} & {\bf{accepting deposits of moeny and savings}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{helping customers make and receive payments}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{making personal and commercial loans}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{arranging insurance}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{buying and selling shares for customers}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{privision of other services - exchange services, operating pension funds, deposits in banks safes, leasing, etc.}} \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{The central bank}}}} & is the centre of the banking system in most economies \tn 
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 & its main funcion is to maintain the stability of the national curreny and the SoM \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{The role of CB}}}} & {\bf{to issue notes and coins for the nation's currency}} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Market for money (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{it manages payments to and from the government}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{it manages the national debt}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{it supervises the banking system, regulates the conduct of banks, hols their deposits and transfers funds between them}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{it is the lender of the last resort to the banking system}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{it manages the nation's gold and foreign currency reserves}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{it operates the government's monetary policy}} \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Open-market operations}}}} & refer to CB purchases or sales of government securities in order to expand or contract money in the banking system and influence IR \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Market for money (cont)}}  \tn
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 & when people or organizations buy gov. securities they will take money from their bank account and so reduce deposits available to lend by the banks to private sector - so selling gov. sec. to private sector reduces the SoM, when the CB purchases the gov. sec. it increases the SoM \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Special deposits}}}} & the CB can order commercial banks to deposit money with it for a certain period of time \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
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 & this reduces the amount of money banks have available to lend to its clients \tn 
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{\bf{{\emph{Quantitative easing}}}} & a tool the CB can use to inject money directly into the economy \tn 
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 & this invloves using newly created money to buy up financial assets held by banks (gov. or corporate bonds) \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Market for money (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
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 & by buying these assets back from banks a CB can increase the quantity of money banks have available to lend to people and firms in order to stimulate the economy and increase liquidity \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
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