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% Document Info
\author{Natalie Moore (NatalieMoore)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (reasoning.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Natalie Moore (NatalieMoore))
  /Subject (Reasoning Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Reasoning Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Natalie Moore (NatalieMoore)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/19119/cs/2396/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Natalie Moore (NatalieMoore) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/nataliemoore} \\
        \uline{\seqsplit{www}.jchmedia.com/}
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 31st July, 2014.\\
   Updated 12th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Analytical Structure Notes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{To clearly express arguments / explanations need to think carefully about analytical structure} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Can be tricky to simultaneously write a narrative flow and reason at same time. So need to plan work.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Planning can be done using the analytical structure format, getting good at this will make reasoning clearer and improve quality and readability of oral and written work.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Before starting anywhere near narrative flow start thinking about structure and logical connections between ideas.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Scope and Certainty}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Scope}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Size of the claim} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Stating Numbers (all, most, some, many etc)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Geographical area (Brisbane, Aus, etc)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{and/or Time (always, never, sometimes)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Certainty}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Claimed probability (highly likely, virtually, some chance)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Be realistic with use of these because incorrect scope or certainty will make it easy to argue against your reasoning.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Descriptive and value claims}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Value}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Say things should or should be a certain way} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Sometimes value is stated sometimes implied (hidden in tone and words)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Many, maybe all claims have value judgement} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Descriptive}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Things are or have been a certain way} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Smart thinkers are alert to value judgements.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Links between claims}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Linking words are words which link the claims together, indicating the premises and the conclusions. They are hints of the mental process of linking.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/4\_WritingSkills/writing\_pdf/Linking\%20words\%20and\%20phrases.pdf}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Importance of internal connections}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Need to evaluate reasoning, ensure all claims stand without needing further support or arguments, add new premises / sub arguments as necessary until argument is fully formed and reader can some to same conclusion without needing to seek out further information or not have whole story.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Do not assume readers know already anything in relation to your argument} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Ensure ideas within claims are introduced and supported} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.29402 cm} x{3.68298 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Five types of reasoning}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Causal & premises state the cause, and conclusion is effect \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Generalisation} & shows how knowledge about general class of events allows us to make a conclusion about a specific event in that class \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Specific cases & Specific cases lead to a conclusion \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Analogy & Draw a specific conclusion from specific premises via a comparison of like aspects \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Terms & Some claims establish a definition or a particular meaning in a given context \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Analytical structure steps}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1. Decide conclusion. Write out carefully explaining exactly what you mean}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{2. Think about reasons for conclusion}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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a & Write them down as claims \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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b & Keep related premises together if possible \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
c & Everything must relate back to the conclusion \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
d & Claims need to make sense as own entity \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
e & Number your claims from 2 onward (conclusion is 1) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
f & Focus on your main reasons for concusion \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{3. Draw diagram to show links between claims}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
a & Links to show how constructed \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
b & Line under groups of premises \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
c & Arrow to show premise to conclusion \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{4. Stop and Consider}}} \tn 
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% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
a & Do I need anymore premises? \tn 
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% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
b & Am I missing any claims? \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
c & Are relationships how I want them? \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{5. Make changes and re-draw if nessessary}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Important things to remember:}} \newline - Each claim must stand on own \newline - Do not include signals of reasoning in claims \newline - Each claim must imply links to other claims \newline - Do not be afraid to revise and rewrite.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Statements}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Particular type of statement} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Assert some kind of "truth" about the world} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{May actually be true or false} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Expresses belief or view about how world is or should be} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{If you can ask "Is this true or false" it is a claim} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Drawing analytical structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Narrative flow = words arranged into sentences and then divided into paragraphs} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Analytical structure = List of claims and a diagram of how they relate to one another} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Diagram}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Linking words represented by the + signs} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Horizontal line groups the claims} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Offers advantages}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Clear way of constructing claims} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{How they relate to eachother} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Avoids vagueness} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Make claims own entity and so defeats complex sentence formations} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{•	Clarifies interesting writing to get to the premises and solutions} \tn 
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% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Can construct or deconstruct}}} \tn 
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% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{After construction next step = add linking to create narrative flow} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{We need to see content and structure of reasoning to smarten own thinking.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Four levels of language}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Word} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\seqsplit{Statement} & A sentence can be made up of more than one statement \tn 
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Text & Group of related statements \tn 
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\seqsplit{Context} & Elements outside text to make it meaningful. \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assumptions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Influence every argument / explanation. Values / ideas we take for granted. Smart thinkers recognise assumptions that surround us (including own)} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Assumptions can be dangerous because they are not tested to see if they are correct.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusions and premises}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Premise = claim that acts as reason} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Conclusion = claim that is being supported} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{In reasoning, there is therefore always at least two claims (premise and conclusion)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Fundamental skill of reasoning to be able to identify these in other peoples claims and own} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Conclusions}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When reasoning – first choose a conclusion} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Conclusion is not summary, but new statement} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Supports and gives a bit further information than the premises} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Truth of conclusion is clear because of premises} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Conclusions can be: Predictions, Appeals to action, Events in past} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Premises}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Any claim can work as a premise} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Has to support conclusion} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Usually initially more acceptable than conclusion} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{May make a point, define a term, frame other premises} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Analytical Structure Diagram}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/mrskittenheel_1406840643_Analytical structure.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Check your reasoning}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{No circular reasoning} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Accurate scope and certainty accurate} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Avoid sweeping generalisations} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Value judgements in conclusion need more than one premise, premises must support value judgement} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Consider surface and hidden meanings of words} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Align choice of words with audience} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Consider possible interpretations} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{No implied premises, if possible should be stated} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Claims which have connections to the conclusion are relevant. Claims which have no connection to the conclusion are irrelevant.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Dont assume people will fill in the gaps} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Think about context} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Well founded claim has a number of good premises} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Person with burden of proof needs a stronger argument} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}