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\author{Natalie Moore (NatalieMoore)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (quality-in-it-projects.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Natalie Moore (NatalieMoore))
  /Subject (Quality in IT Projects Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Quality in IT Projects Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Natalie Moore (NatalieMoore)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/19119/cs/2211/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Natalie Moore (NatalieMoore) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/nataliemoore} \\
        \uline{\seqsplit{www}.jchmedia.com/}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 7th November, 2015.\\
   Updated 12th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key quality concern for IT projects}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Providing customers with systems they need} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Meet requirements at affordable price} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Requires a commitment from all parties} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Costs of remedying lapses in quality great.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quality characteristics}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{ISO 9126-1:2001, seeks to define a set of standard characteristics by which software quality can be measured} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- & Functionality: meet user requirements \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & Reliability: Consistent \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- & Usability: Intuitive, minimum training \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & Efficiency: good with resources \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
- & Maintainability: easy to modify \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & Portability: between platforms \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quality plan}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Specifies standards that apply to the project} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Maybe existing, new, industry, modified versions of existing, developed internally} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Specifies how, when and by whom the quality control activities should be undertaken} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Specifies quality assurance processes} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{May also include configuration management and change control procedures} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quality process requirements}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Entry requirements}} state what must exist before the stage or activity can begin} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Implementation requirements}} define how the process should be done} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Exit requirements}} indicate what should be in place for a successful sign-off of the activity} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Part of quality criteria}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Formal inspection structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Preparation}}. The reviewers review the documentation and annotating the product and recording defects} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Meeting}}: discussion of potential defects, confirm or deny they actually are defects. Agree follow up of each.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Recording}}: follow-up actions, responsibilities, agreement of outcome and sign-off if appropriate} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Follow up}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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- & advising the project manager of the outcome; \tn 
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% Row 5
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- & planning remedial work; \tn 
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- & Signing off when complete \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{V Model}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nataliemoore_1446872214_V Model.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Model in which the solid lines represent the forward progress of the project and the dotted lines represent the way in which quality control is exercised}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ISO9001:2008}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{specifically aimed at producers and suppliers of any products and services, not necessarily software} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Organisations are inspected and awarded ISO 9001 certification by accredited auditors} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{ISO 9001:2008 is based on the following principles:} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- & Customer focus: understanding and meeting or exceeding the customer requirements \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & Leadership: providing this for the organisation to give it the purpose, unity and direction to achieve quality objectives \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
- & People: involvement of staff at all levels of the organisations involved \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & Process approach: attention to individual processes which produce intermediate or deliverable products \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
- & Systems approach to management: focusing on inter-related processes producing deliverable products; \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & Continual improvement \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
- & Factual approach to decision-making \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & Mutually beneficial client-supplier relationships \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Definitions of quality}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A degree or level of excellence} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Conformance to standard} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Deliverables should be fit for purpose} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Reliability} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quality criteria}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Quality criteria must be specified at beginning, before product developed} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Each product definition includes a section headed quality criteria} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & Used by team to ensure fit for purpose \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- & Specific, measureable and achievable \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Company should develop standards for product definitions for its quality procedures} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defect removal process}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{ID defects so you can remove them} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Easy at {\bf{end}} of project in dynamic testing} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Techniques for IDing defects at {\bf{beginning}} stages} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
- & {\bf{desk checking}}: Authors, or creators, of products review what they have produced \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & {\bf{document review}}: other people read document to ensure meets QC \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
- & {\bf{peer review}}: The author's co-workers (or peers) examine copies of the document and make comments about it. Answer things liek: is it feasible, is there a better way, does it conform to company standards, does it communicate with other parts of the system, are requirements covered, are there any ambiguities \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 9)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & {\bf{Inspection}} Formal review of product. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
- & {\bf{Walkthrough:}} The author takes the audience through the documents and they feed back their comments on it \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & {\bf{Pair programming:}} in agile development environments, code developers sometimes work in pairs. The pair take turns to type in code at the workstation while the other advises and checks on what is being entered. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
- & {\bf{Static testing:}} Software tools analyse structure of code. Look at the branches and loops in a program and calculate a measure of complexity. More complex = difficult to maintain \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evaluating suppliers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Important to establish whether those third party suppliers have the necessary quality procedures in place to ensure that the software to be supplied is to the standard expected.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Must be recognised that the supplier and the customer have different business objectives. Making a project a success therefore needs both parties to see the project as a joint venture} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evaluating suppliers}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Important to establish whether those third party suppliers have the necessary quality procedures in place to ensure that the software to be supplied is to the standard expected.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Must be recognised that the supplier and the customer have different business objectives. Making a project a success therefore needs both parties to see the project as a joint venture} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Failure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Cannot guarantee software will never fail} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Hardware \& infrastructure might also fail} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Examine ways system will behave in event of various types of failure} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Might need to make it 'fail safe' so that it will revert to a safe state} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{QC vs QA}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The {\bf{quality control}} framework is called the quality management system (QMS)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The QMS may be based on the ISO 9001 series of standards} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The QMS includes quality strategy and quality assurance processes} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Quality strategy defines QMS and includes} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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- & procedures and standards for creating a project quality plan \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
- & a definition of quality criteria \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & quality control procedures \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
- & quality assurance procedures \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & a statement of compliance with or allowed deviation from industry standards \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
- & acceptance criteria \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- & Allocation of responsibilities for defining or undertaking quality-related activities \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Quality assurance}} is like an audit. It is designed to confirm that proper procedures are in place and have been applied correctly} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{QC = Quality control \newline QA = Quality assurance}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dynamic testing levels}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Unit}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Test data for usual range of input} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Functions tested} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Test various comboss \& sequences} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Test for outliers of limits} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Alphabetic fields tested longer than that which the system should permit} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Mandatory fields are left blank} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Ensures unit will not fail because of bad data or unusual combinations but will handle them in a predefined way} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 8
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Record all faults} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Integration}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Links a number of system components and runs them as a whole} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 11
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{checks that the units communicate properly} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Systems}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 13
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Final stage in testing by the development professionals} \tn 
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% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Running the whole system on the infrastructure that will be used when the system is operational} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 15
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Operational, response time, workload cope, effect of high loading} \tn 
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% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{User acceptance}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 17
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Can the users operate the system? Does it meet their expectations, not just their requirements?} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 18
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Regression}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 19
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Running an agreed set of test data through the system again to confirm that the original error has been corrected and no further errors have been introduced or uncovered} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{For each type of testing, a set of test data and a set of expected results must be produced \newline - Test data for usual range of input expected for system \newline - Functions tested}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Capability maturity models}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Where the organisation is assessed as being at a particular level of process maturity} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Assessment can be internal or external} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Capability maturity model (CMM) has five levels} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(1) Initial. Any organisation would be at this level by default. Good quality work may be done, but customers cannot be sure that this is always the case.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(2) Managed. Some basic project management and other systems are in place.} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(3) Defined. The way each task in software development is done is defined to enable consistent good practice.} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(4) Quantifiably managed. Processes and their products are measured and controlled – for example, the number of errors created in each process} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{(5) Optimising. The measurement data collected is analysed to find ways of improving processes.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}