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  /Title (psychology-human-development.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (nanana00)
  /Subject (Psychology - Human Development Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Psychology - Human Development Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{nanana00} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/145954/cs/31489/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}nanana00 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/nanana00} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 12th April, 2022.\\
   Updated 12th April, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychologists}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\{\{bb\}\} & {\emph{experiment}}\{\{bb\}\} & \{\{bb\}\} & {\emph{theory}}\{\{bb\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Harry Harlow}} & rhesus monkeys & \seqsplit{maternal-separation}, dependency needs, social isolation, importance of caregiving and \seqsplit{companionship} to social and cognitive \seqsplit{development} & Contact comfort \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 13)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mary Ainsworth}} & infant is placed in scenarios with or without its mother as well as with or without a stranger & \seqsplit{development} of the attachment theory, observe early emotional attachment between a child and its primary caregiver & Strange Situation \seqsplit{Classification} (SSC) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 11)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Jean Piaget}} & improvising \seqsplit{conversations} with children to understand their unique mental worlds & how children develop \seqsplit{intellectually} throughout the course of childhood & Genetic \seqsplit{Epistemology} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychologists (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
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{\bf{Lev Vygotsky}} &  & social \seqsplit{interaction} plays a critical role in children's learning \& is continuous process that is profoundly influenced by culture & Social \seqsplit{Constructivism} \seqsplit{(sociocultural)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Tolman}} & rat maze, withheld food & \seqsplit{individuals} do more than merely respond to stimuli; they act on beliefs, attitudes, changing conditions, \& strive toward goals & Purposive \seqsplit{Behaviorism} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 12)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Pavlov}} & dogs \& bell, drooling & people will repeat an action without realizing that they have been \seqsplit{conditioned} to do so & Classical \seqsplit{Conditioning} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 8)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychologists (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Bandura}} & Bobo Doll, \seqsplit{aggression/immitation} & we learn social behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others & Social Learning \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Skinner}} &  & children receive "rewards" for using language in a functional manner. & Operant \seqsplit{Conditioning} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Design (infants \& Children)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 &  & \seqsplit{limitations/risks} \{\{bb\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{longitudinal} & examines change within individuals, stability vs change over time. (ex. at 12mo, 18mo, \& 24mo) & costly, attrition, practice effect, cohort effects &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{cross-sectional} & changes between groups (ex. average changes between age groups) & yield information on age-related change, not development per se &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{sequential} & (both \seqsplit{longitudinal} and \seqsplit{cross-sectional} \seqsplit{comparisons)} children of different ages are enrolled into a study at various points in time to examine age-related changes, development within the same individuals as they age, and account for the possibility of cohort effects & costly, practice effects &  \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 23)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{the strategy or blueprint for deciding how to collect and analyze information, dictates which methods are used and how \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Methods (Infants)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{involuntary} or \seqsplit{obligatory} \seqsplit{responses} & because of limited motor control, test \seqsplit{involuntary} responses & Ex. \seqsplit{habituation} vs \seqsplit{dishabituation} & \seqsplit{Baillargeon} and \seqsplit{colleagues} (1985): Object \seqsplit{Permanence} \& Solidity Principle \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{voluntary} \seqsplit{responses} & behaviors that a person completes by choice & Ex. recall memory and elicited imitation &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{psychophysiological} \seqsplit{responses} & measure heart rate, hormone levels, brain activity, etc. & Ex. \seqsplit{event-related-potentials} (ERPs) &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interview Techniques}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
vernal report paradigms & children provide written or verbal answers to scenarios \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Human Development}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Prenatal} & (egg + sperm) = zygote = blastula = neural tube &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Neonatal} & Attachment (\textasciitilde{}8mo), Language (babbling), Cognition (Piaget) &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Childhood} & Cognition & Object permanence, conservation, abstract reasoning, theory of mind, cultural influence \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Adolescence} & Gender & Spectrum, cis vs trans, adrenarche (6-12) and menarche \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vocabulary}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
assent & minor participants are asked to indicate their willingness to participate in a study \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
attrition & participant drops out, or fails to complete, all parts of a study \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
bidirectional relations & one variable is likely both cause and consequence of another variable \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
cohort effects & research findings differ for participants of the same age tested at different points in historical time \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
cross-sectional research & examines behavior in participants of different ages who are tested at the same point in time \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
dishabituation & participants demonstrate increased attention (through looking or listening behavior) to a new stimulus after having been habituated to a different stimulus \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vocabulary (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
elicited imitation & A behavioral method used to examine recall memory in infant \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
event-related potentials (ERP) & recording of participant brain activity using a stretchy cap \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
habituation & participants demonstrated decrease attention to repeatedly-presented stimuli. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
informed consent & getting permission from adults \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
institutional Review Boards (IRBs) & reviews and approves research procedures \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
involuntary or obligatory responses & Behavior that does not require much conscious thought \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
motor control & thinking to direct muscles and limbs \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
object permanence & understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be directly observed \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
practice effect & participants get better at a task over time by "practicing" ( can be particularly problematic in longitudinal and sequential research designs) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vocabulary (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
recall memory & remembering discrete episodes or events from the past (including encoding, consolidation and storage, and retrieval) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
solidity principle & idea that two solid masses should not be able to move through one another \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
violation of expectation paradigm & research method in which infants are expected to respond in a particular way because one of two conditions violates or goes against what they should expect based on their everyday experiences \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SOCIAL EVOLUTION \& BEHAVIOR}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{symbiosis} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{selfishness} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{altruism} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{mating \& natural selection} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{innate behavior} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{heritability \& environment} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{ what is culture?}} \{\{bb\}\} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
obeying norms, roles, environmental cues, \seqsplit{prejudice/sterotypes}, conformity, bonding, inferiority &  & \seqsplit{Milgram} \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
disposition bias & personality traits influence behavior &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
situation bias & situation influences behavior &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
fundamental attribution & bias from situation bias &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
cognitive dissonance & belief system contradicts behavior &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
familiarity & positive attitude toward familiar things &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
validity effect & believing something that is repeated &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ethnocentrism & ne's own group is superior &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
cultural relativism & view that other groups are all equally valid and no one system is really "better" &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
invulnerability illusion & group can do no wrong &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
self-censorship & dissenters stay quiet &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
pressure to conform & teasing and pressuring &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
unanimity & illusion of consensus &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{ what is culture?}} \{\{bb\}\} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
obeying norms, roles, environmental cues, prejudice/sterotypes, conformity, bonding, inferiority &  & Milgram \{\{ar\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}