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\author{nanana00}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-unit-4.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (nanana00)
  /Subject (BIOLOGY-{}-UNIT 4 Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{BIOLOGY-{}-UNIT 4 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{nanana00} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/145954/cs/31507/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}nanana00 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/nanana00} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 19th April, 2022.\\
   Updated 20th April, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{BROAD PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Evolution occurs at the population level, evolutionary impact of natural selection is seen in how a population changes over time. }}\{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.92 cm} x{4.08 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{evolution}} & changes in allele frequency \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{allele frequency}} & (all add up to 1) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{population}} & group individuals of the same species that live in the same area \& interbreed to produce fertile offspring \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{genetic variation}} & differences in genen composition \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{sources of genetic variation}} \{\{ar\}\} & {\emph{sexual reproduction}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{mutation (change in nucleotide sequence)}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{point mutations}} (single nucleotide change) ex. sickle-cell \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{delete, disrupt, duplicate, rearrange loci}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{genetic variation is required for evolution, but does not guarantee a population will }}\{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.444 cm} x{3.496 cm} x{2.66 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CHANGE IN ALLELE FREQUENCY}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & effect on allele frequency & causes \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{genetic} drift & unpredictable fluctuation of alleles, reduces genetic variation, can limit natural selection & founder effect, pop. bottleneck \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{founder} effect & few individuals isolated, diff. allele frequencies in small founder pop. & chance \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{bottleneck} effect & reduced genetic variation and increased frequency of harmful alleles & sudden environmental change \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{3 mechanisms change allele frequency = genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection (consistent adaptive evolution) \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SEXUAL SELECTION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
what is it? & individuals w certain characteristics are more likely to find mates \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
sexual dimorphism & marked differences between sexes (ex. pavo real) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
intrasexual selection & selection within same sex for mates \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
intersexual selection & one sex is choosy with mates \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{sexual selection is natural selection for mating success}} \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.16 cm} x{5.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NATURAL SELECTION MODES}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{directional}} & conditions favor individuals at one end of the phenotypic range \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{disruptive}} & conditions favor individuals at both extremes of phenotypic range \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{stabilizing}} & conditions favor intermediate variants \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{natural selection {\bf{consistently}} causes adaptive evolution by acting on phenotypes}} \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Equilibrium Population}}  \tn
% Row 0
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condition & consequence if condition is not kept \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1. {\bf{no mutations}} & gene pool is modified \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
2. **random mating & inbreeding = no random mixing of gametes, genotype frequencies change \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
3. {\bf{no natural selection}} & allele frequencies change \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
4. {\bf{very large pop. size}} & in small pop. allele frequencies change by chance ({\emph{genetic drift}}) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
5. {\bf{no gene flow}} & gene flow can alter allele frequencies \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CAUSES OF EVOLUTION}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1649091208_causes of evolution.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DEFINITION OF SPECIES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
concept & defines species by \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{biological}} & reproductive compatability \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
reproductive isolation → new species \{\{ar\}\} & gene flow between populations holds gene pool together, species pop. resemble each other \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{limitations}} \{\{ar\}\} & {\emph{gene flow between morphologically \& ecologically distinct species (ex. grolar bear)}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{morphological}} & structural features \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ecological}} & ecological niche, interactions w nonliving and living environment \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{based on potential to interbreed, not physical similarity}} \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{speciation}} \{\{bb\}\} & one species splits into two or more species \{\{bb\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
speciation rates \{\{ar\}\} \{\{bb\}\} & range from 4,000 y to 40 million y (avg. 6.5 my)\{\{bb\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{allopatric}} \{\{ar\}\} & geographically isolated populations \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & population -gene flow interrupted→ subpopulation \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & mutation, genetic drift, natural selection, reproductive isolation \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\textasciicircum{}reproductive isolation\textasciicircum{} & \textasciicircum{}can't breed bc of differences\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textasciicircum{}behavioral isolation\textasciicircum{} & \textasciicircum{}prezygotic barrier, specific mates\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{sympatric}} \{\{ar\}\} \{\{bt\}\} & population (no geographic barrier)→ new species \{\{bt\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & reproductive barrier, reduced gene flow \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & polyploidy, habitat differentiation, sexual selection \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textasciicircum{}polyploidy\textasciicircum{} & \textasciicircum{}extra chromosomes\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciicircum{}{\emph{auto}}: same species  {\emph{allo}}: diff species\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.68 cm} x{4.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textasciicircum{}habitat differentiation\textasciicircum{} & \textasciicircum{}new ecological niches\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\textasciicircum{}sexual selection\textasciicircum{} & \textasciicircum{}female selecting mates\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
microevolution (speciation) \{\{bt\}\} & many speciations, extinctions → macroevolution \{\{bt\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SPECIATION MODELS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1649616492_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{punctuated = rapid speciation    gradual = slow speciation}} \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.508 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.432 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{reproductive barriers}} \{\{ar\}\} \{\{bb\}\} & depend on environmental \& genetic factors \{\{bb\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Prezygotic Barriers}} & {\emph{prevent mating between species}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & geographical & physical barrier (rivers, mountains) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \seqsplit{habitat/ecological} & same area, diff habitats \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & temporal & diff breeding times \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & behavioral & unique courtship rituals \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & mechanical & \seqsplit{morphological} diff \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & gametic & cannot fertilize \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Postzygotic Barriers}} & {\emph{prevent a viable, fertile hybrid}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & reduced hybrid viability & poor \seqsplit{development/survival} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & reduced hybrid fertility & fertile hybrid \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & hybrid breakdown & infertile 2nd gen \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.508 cm} x{2.66 cm} x{2.432 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Hybrid Zones}} \{\{bt\}\} & diff species mate, incomplete reproductive barriers  \{\{bt\}\} &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{novel genetic variation outcomes = }} \{\{ac\}\} *} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textasciicircum{}reinforcement\textasciicircum{} \{\{ar\}\} & \textasciicircum{}hybrids cease\textasciicircum{} & ← hybrids less fit \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\textasciicircum{}fusion\textasciicircum{} \{\{ar\}\} & \textasciicircum{}two species fuse\textasciicircum{} & ← weakened rep. barriers \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textasciicircum{}stability\textasciicircum{} \{\{ar\}\} & \textasciicircum{}continued hybrids\textasciicircum{} & ← hybrids equally fit \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{biological barriers that impede fertile offspring}} \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE GEOLOGIC RECORD}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1649619688_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TECTONIC PLATES THEORY}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1649621421_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{continents are part of plates of Earth's crust, floating on hot mantle \{\{ac\}\} \{\{nl\}\} \newline 3 occasions (1 billion, 600 million, and 250 million years ago) when most of the landmasses of earth came together to form a supercontinent \{\{ac\}\} \{\{nl\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HISTORY OF EARTH}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1649619815_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.48 cm} x{5.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FOSSILS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{fossils are the traces of ancient life, naturally preserved, but an incomplete chronicle of evolution}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{macroevolution}} & evolution above the species level, {\emph{interspecific variation}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{microevolution}} & evolutionary change in allele frequencies in a population over generations, {\emph{intraspecific variation}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{favor species that existed for a long time, were abundant/widespread, had hard shells, skeletons \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FOSSIL FORMATION}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1649617487_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.92 cm} x{4.08 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FOSSIL DATING}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{relative age}} determined by rock strata sequence \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
younger stratum has more recent fossils & older stratum has older fossils \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{absolute age}} determine through radiometric dating \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{radioactive "parent" isotope decays to "daughter" isotope at a constant rate \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{half-life }}\{\{ac\}\} & known time required for half parent isotope to decay \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RADIOMETRIC DATING}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1649619475_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, then a fossil that has 1/8th the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 should be about how many years old?}} {\bf{5730  Years X 3= 17190 years}} \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CREATIONS  ACCORDING TO FOSSILS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
earliest {\bf{prokaryote}} fossils \{\{nl\}\} (ARCHAEAN EON) & form {\emph{stromatolites}} dating back 3.5 BYA,\{\{nl\}\} sole inhabitants for 1.5 BY \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
increase in {\bf{atmospheric oxygen}} & 2.7 BYA \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
cyanobacteria, other photosynthesizers \{\{ar\}\} & led to extinction of many \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
earliest {\bf{eukaryote}} fossils\{\{nl\}\} (PROTEROZOIC EON) & 1.8 BYA, gave rise to multicellular organisms \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{jawed vertebrates}} \{\{nl\}\} (PHANEROZOIC EON) & 440 MYA \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Cambrain explosion (535-525 mya) \{\{ar\}\} & +diversity, unique mammalian features \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{tetrapods}} \{\{nl\}\}(PALOZOIC ERA) & 375 MYA colonized land \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{mammals}} & 120 MYA, from synapsids \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.92 cm} x{4.08 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{MASS EXTINCTIONS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{can be caused by: \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Habitat destruction and/or unfavorable environmental change \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Biological causes (factors)-Origin of one new species can spell doom for another \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{ Permian Mass Extinction (252mya) }} & 96\% marine life when extinct due to intense volcanisms \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Paleozoic to Mesozoic era}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Cretaceous Mass Extinction (66mya)}} & +50\% of all marine animals, many terrestrial plants and animals, dinosaurs (except birds) due to meteorite  \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{Mesozoic to Cenozoic era}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{5–10 million years for diversity to recover \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{mass extinctions alter ecological communities and remove lineages, forever change the course of evolution and can also pave the way for {\emph{adaptive radiations}} \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{0.988 cm} x{3.04 cm} x{3.572 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ADAPTIVE RADIATION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{the evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor that allows new species to occupy different habitats\{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
may \seqsplit{follow:} & mass extinctions & ex. mammals after extinction of dinosaurs \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & evolution of novel characteristics & ex. rise of photosynthetic organisms \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & colonization of new regions & organisms colonize new environments with little competition \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CONTINENTAL DRIFT DURING PHANEROZOIC EON}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1649621719_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{Pangea}} (250 mya), organisms adapt (speciation) or go extinct \{\{ac\}\} \{\{nl\}\} \newline when continents drift can result in {\emph{allopatric speciation}} \{\{ac\}\} \{\{nl\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.9 cm} x{3.42 cm} x{2.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GENETIC MECHANISMS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{developmental} genes & program development, influence rate, timing, spatial patterns &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{heterochrony} & evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events & ex. human vs chimpanzee jaw \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
homeotic genes & determine the organization of basic features &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
hox genes \{\{ar\}\} & a class of homeotic genes, provide positional information during animal development &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{evolutionary} novelties & changes at the genetic level lead to developmental changes at the phenotypic level &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{exaptations} & structures that originally played one role but gradually acquired a different role & ex. bird feathers \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EUKARYOTES ARE "COMBINATION" ORGANISMS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1649706908_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{consequence of endosymbiosis}} \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PROTIST}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant, or fungus}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{first eukaryote was a unicellular protist and most eukaryotes are protists} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{structural and functional diversity, most are aquatic, most are unicellular} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{complex at the cellular level, though simple when compared to eukaryotes} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{nutritional diversity: }}\{\{ar\}\} & {\emph{photoautotroph}} = producers (photosynthetic) \{\{nl\}\}use energy from light (or inorganic chemicals) to convert CO2 to organic compounds \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{heterotroph}} = consumers \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{parasites}} = \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{mixotroph}} = \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{photosynthetic protists}} & {\emph{main producers in aquatic community}} \{\{nl\}\}biomass of photosynthetic protists is limited by the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, or iron  \{\{nl\}\} diatoms, dinoflagelletes, multicellular algae, others \{\{nl\}\} {\emph{blooms}} dramatic increase in abundance \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PROTIST (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{symbiotic protists}} & some are parasites that harm their hosts \{\{nl\}\}ex. photosynthetic dinoflagellets provide food for coral reefs \{\{nl\}\}ex. wood-digesting protists break down cellulose in the guts of termites \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{effect on human health}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{trypanosoma}} = excavate that causes sleeping sickness\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{apicomplexans}} = alveolate parasites \{\{nl\}\}ex. plasmodium - causes malaria \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ORIGINS OF COMPLEX MULTICELLULARITY}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{multicellular colonies}} & collections of connected cells, little to no differentiation, can be simple or complex \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Multicellular organisms with differentiated cells likely originated from multiple different ancestors \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{1.}} origin of cyanobacteria\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{2.}} origin of mitochondria\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{3.}} origin of plastid (chloroplast)\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{4.}} origin of multicellular eukaryotes\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{5.}} origin of fungal-plant symbioses} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EUKARYOTE SUPERGROUPS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Excavata}} (unicellular protists)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}‣{\bf{diplomonads}};{\bf{parabasalids}} —\{\{nl\}\} lack plastids, cannot do photosynthesis, reduced mitochondria, mostly anaerobic \{\{nl\}\}‣{\bf{euglenozoans}}— \{\{nl\}\}most have 2 flagella, diverse, inclue predatory heterotrphs, photoautotrophs, parasites \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{ex. trypanosoma - parasitic infection that causes sleeping sickness}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{SAR}} ({\bf{S}}tramenopiles, {\bf{A}}lveolates, {\bf{R}}hizarians) \{\{nl\}\} includes most important photosynthetic organisms)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}‣{\bf{diatoms}} — diverse photosynthetic unicellular algae\{\{nl\}\}can affect \{\{nl\}\}‣{\bf{brown algae (seaweed)}} — largest \& most complex, multicellular, mostly marine \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{brown due to carotenoids in plastid}} \{\{nl\}\}anchored by {\emph{holdfast}}, stem-like {\emph{stipe}} supporting leaflike {\emph{blades}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Archaeplastids}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}‣{\bf{red algae}} — 2nd largest, mostly multicellular, can absorb green \& blue light \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{red due to phycoerythrin pigment}}  \{\{nl\}\}‣{\bf{green algae}}— very similar to land plants, some are unicellular  \{\{nl\}\}➥{\bf{chlorophytes}} — marine, terrestrial, mostly freshwater, multicellular, unicellular (free or symbiotic) \{\{nl\}\}➥{\bf{charophytes}} — most closely related to land plants     \{\{nl\}\}‣ {\bf{plants}} \{\{nl\}\} chloroplasts of land plants {\emph{cyanobacteria}} ➟ {\emph{green algae}} ➟ {\emph{land plants}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 12)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EUKARYOTE SUPERGROUPS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1649983183_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.48 cm} x{5.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DIVERSITIFICATION OF EUKARYOTES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{eukaryotes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & a) plants \{\{nl\}\} b) animals \{\{nl\}\} c) fungi, molds, mushrooms, yeast \{\{nl\}\} d) protists \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
early eukaryotes & date back {\emph{2.7 billion years ago}} \{\{nl\}\} unicellular, with nucleus, membrane, cytoskeleton, varied size \& shape \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
diverse eukaryotes & 1.8 billion years ago\{\{nl\}\} novel biological features evolved: multicellularity, sexual life cycles, eukaryotic photosynthesis \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
large eukaryotes & 635-541 million years ago (Ediacaran period) {\emph{soft-bodied}} organisms\{\{nl\}\} {\emph{hard-bodied}} organisms 535-525 mya (Cambrian explosion) \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ORIGIN OF MITOCHONDRIA \& PLASTIDS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
plastid & membrane-bound organelle (plants, algae, others) \{\{nl\}\} ex. chloroplast \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{endosymbiont theory}} & mitochondria and plastids were formerly small bacteria that began living within larger cells \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{key evidence}} \{\{ar\}\} & •inner membranes are similar (transport proteins) to bacteria plasma membrane\{\{nl\}\}•replication is similar to bacteria cell division\{\{nl\}\}•have circular DNA like bacteria\{\{nl\}\}•transcribe/translate own DNA into proteins\{\{nl\}\}•ribosomes more similar to bacterial than eukaryotic \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 12)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{mitochondria}} come from a single {\emph{proteobacterium}} ancestor which could do aerobic respiration using O2 to make ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{plastids}} come from a single {\emph{cyanobacterium}} ancestor that could do photsynthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{ALL eukaryotes have mitochondria, not many have plastids \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{anaerobic host cells may have benefited from aerobic endosymbionts as oxygen increased in the atmosphere \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EUKARYOTIC  DIVERSITY (PHYLOGENETIC TREE)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1649720169_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{(protists are yellow)}} \{\{ac\}\}\textbackslash{}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE GREENING OF EARTH}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+4 billion years ago & Earth was created, lifeless for the first 2 billion years \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1.2 billion years ago & cyanobacteria \& protists \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
+470 million years ago & plants colonized land \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
500 million years ago & plants, fungi, \& animals moved to land \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
385 million years ago & first forests \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PLANTS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ancestors}} & red, green, \& brown algae \{\{nl\}\} multicellular \{\{nl\}\}eukaryotes\{\{nl\}\}photsynthetic autotrophs\{\{nl\}\}cellulose cell walls\{\{nl\}\} chlorplasts (chlorophyll a \& b)\{\{nl\}\} modernly only {\bf{charophytes}} share most traits w plants \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{chloroplasts of land plants}} \{\{ar\}\} & cyanobacteria ➙ green algae (charophytes) ➙ land plants \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
moving to land... & 🅐 evolution of: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{sporopollenin}} ⁠— protective polymer surrounding charophyte zygotes ➙ dry land \{\{nl\}\}🅑 BENEFITs: unfiltered sunlight, plenty CO2, nutrient-rich soil \{\{nl\}\}🅒 CHALLENGES: scarcity of water, lack of support against gravity \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 13)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
key traits in plants not found in charophytes & •alternation of generations\{\{nl\}\}•multicellular, dependent embryos\{\{nl\}\}•walled spores produced in sporangia\{\{nl\}\}•apical meristems \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PLANTS (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{apical meristems}} \{\{ar\}\} & — {\emph{localized regions of cell division @ tips of roots \& shoots, mitotic division = +mineral \& nutrients }} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
derived traits \{\{bb\}\} & •cuticle — waxy coating, prevents water loss\{\{nl\}\}•stomata — specialized pores, CO2-O2 exchange \{\{bb\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{\textasciicircum{}plants affect soil formation, roots stabilize soil and are nutrients when they decay, 50\% atmospheric O2 \{\{ac\}\}}}\textasciicircum{}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HIGHLIGHTS OF PLANT EVOLUTION}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650303016_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PLANT CLASSIFICATION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{vascular plants}} & vascular tissue for H2O/nutrient transport \{\{nl\}\}‣{\bf{xylem}}- conducts most H2O/minerals ({\emph{tracheids}} have lignin = water-conducting cells, provide structural support) \{\{nl\}\}‣{\bf{phloem}} - tubes of cells, distribute sugars, amino acids, other org. prod\{\{nl\}\}‣lignin = polymer that makes plants rigid, allowing them to grow tall \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{nonvascular plants}} & bryophytes lack vascular tissue\{\{nl\}\}‣{\bf{rhizoids}} - root-like anchor \{\{nl\}\}‣{\bf{gametophytes}} = larger, live longer than sporophytes \{\{nl\}\}‣mature {\bf{sporophyte}} fully depends on gametophyte for nutrition \{\{nl\}\}‣limited to moist habitats \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{•liverworts\{\{nl\}\}•mosses\{\{nl\}\}•hornworts}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 13)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{seedless vascular}} \{\{ar\}\} & ❋early vascular plants \{\{nl\}\}‣ {\bf{sporophytes}} = large/more complex gen.\{\{nl\}\}‣ {\emph{gametophyte}} \& {\emph{sporophyte}} are independent\{\{nl\}\}‣sperm swims through water to egg (like bryophytes)\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{•lycophytes (club mosses) \{\{nl\}\}•monilophytes (ferns)}} \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PLANT CLASSIFICATION (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{seed plants}} \{\{ar\}\} & ❋reduced gametophytes, ovules, pollen\{\{nl\}\}‣ {\bf{seed}}= embryo + food supply + protective coat\{\{nl\}\}{\emph{•gymnosperms = naked seeds \{\{nl\}\}•angiosperms = enclosed seeds in ovaries}} (flowers \& fruits) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ALTERNATIONS OF GENERATIONS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650301751_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{gametophyte}} generation is {\emph{haploid}} and produces {\emph{haploid}} gametes by mitosis \{\{nl\}\} fusion of sperm+egg creates {\emph{diploid}} {\bf{sphorophyte}} and produces {\emph{haploid}} spores by meiosis \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{MULTICELLULAR, DEPENDENT EMBRYOS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650302108_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{embryo within female gametophyte tissue, placental transfer cells ➝ nutrients \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{embryophytes}} —embryo dependent on parent plant \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{WALLED SPORES PRODCUED IN SPORANGIS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650302458_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{sporangia}}— multicellular organs that produce spores\{\{nl\}\} {\emph{sporopollenin}} (strong polymer) —in walls, resistant to harsh environments \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{OVULATE CONE}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650306204_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ovule}}= {\emph{megaspore}} (haploid spore → female gametophyte) {\emph{+ protective layer}}(integument) \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{POLLEN CONE}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650306459_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{pollen grain}} = {\emph{microspores}} (haploid spores → male gametophyte) +{\emph{ protective wall }}(w/ sporopollenin)  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} **pollination - transfer of pollen to seed plant's ovules\{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EVOLUTION OF ROOTS \& LEAVES}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650304745_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EVOLUTION OF ROOTS \& LEAVES}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650304496_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FLOWERS \& FRUITS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650306997_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{stamen}} ={\emph{ filament}} (stalk) + {\emph{anther}} (sac produces pollen) \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{carpel}} = ovary (@ base) + style + stigma (where pollen is received) \{\{nl\}\}ovary - 1/+ ovules}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FUNGI}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
oldest fossils & 460 million years ago, terrestrial \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{heterotrophs}} that feed by absorption \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{FEED BY ABSORPTION secrete hydrolytic enzymes to break down complex molecules → small org. comp \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{chitin}} cell walls} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
diversification & •mold (multicellular) \{\{nl\}\}•yeast (unicellular) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
life cycles \& reproduction & ‣most propagate by producing many spores, sexually or asexually \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{key role in land plant colonization}}  \{\{ar\}\} \{\{bb\}\} & symbiotic interactions... \{\{bb\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{\textasciicircum{}fungi/other decomposers (fungi/bacteria) break down dead organisms and return nutrients to physical environment}}\textasciicircum{} \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FUNGAL ADAPTATIONS TO LAND}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650397108_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.16 cm} x{5.84 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SYMBIOTIC INTERACTIONS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{mutualism}} & benefits BOTH \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}plant + fungi ({\emph{endophytes}}) inside leaves/other \{\{nl\}\}•plant provide nutrition, some endophytes make toxins that deter herbivores/pathogens \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{parasitism}} & benefits one, harms other \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}fungi absorb nutrients from host cells \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{lichen}} & {\emph{photosynthetic microorganism}}(algae/cyanobacteria)-{\emph{fungus}} \{\{nl\}\}•fungi  benefit from carbs produced by algae/cyanobacteria \{\{nl\}\}•microorganism is protected by fungal filaments, gather moisture/nutrients \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{lichens break down surface \& promote soil formation so plants can grow, on land 420 mya}} \{\{ar\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{mycorrhizae}} & {\emph{plant-fungal}}  — fungal hyphae transfer nutrients (phosphate/others) to plant \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} earliest land plants {\emph{lacked true roots/leaves}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{MYCORRHIZAE}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650399883_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE RISE OF ANIMAL DIVERSITY}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650400443_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{all animals ({\emph{metazoa}}) share a common ancestor and likely evolve from multiple single-celled eukaryotes ({\emph{protist}}) \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EUKARYOTIC SUPERGROUPS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650400684_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{sponges and choanoflagellates' (protists) similarities = animals evolved from choanoflagellate-like ancestor over 700 millions years ago \{\{ac\}\}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DIVERSIFICATION OF ANIMALS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650406991_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{①all animals share a common ancestor \{\{nl\}\}② sponges are sister group to ALL other animals \{\{nl\}\}③eumatozoa = animals with tissues \{\{nl\}\}④ most animal phyla belong to Bilaterian clade \{\{nl\}\}⑤ most animals are invertebrates}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EARLY-DIVERGING ANIMAL GROUPS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{sponges \& cnidarians diverged from all other animals early on }} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{sponges}} (PORIFERA) & •{\emph{basal animals}} \{\{nl\}\}•lack true tissues \{\{nl\}\}•filter feeders: capture small particles in water\{\{nl\}\}water is drawn through pores into central cavity and flows out through an opening at the top \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ANIMALS WITH TISSUES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{eumetazoans}} \{\{nl\}\} include cnidarians and all others & {\emph{"true animals"}} = tissues \{\{nl\}\}have symmetrical bodies\{\{nl\}\}(radial or bilateral) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
•radial symmetry \{\{ar\}\} \{\{nl\}\}{\emph{cnidarians}} (jellyfish, anemones) & - single, central axis \{\{nl\}\}most animals are sessile\{nl\}\}➢2 embryonic tissue layers \{\{nl\}\}→endoderm\{\{nl\}\}→ectoderm \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
•bilateral symmetry \{\{ar\}\} \{\{bb\}\} & - 2 axes \{\{nl\}\}animals that move actively\{\{nl\}\}➢3 germ layers\{\{nl\}\}→endoderm\{\{nl\}\}→ectoderm\{\{nl\}\}→mesoderm \{\{bb\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{cnidarians}} & tissues + radial symmetry, blind digestive system, carnivores, lack brain/muscles, nerve net (simplest) \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{chordata}} & bilaterians, vertebrates, complete digestive tract \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{bilateral invertebrates}} \{\{bb\}\} & 95\% animals \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EUMATOZOAN SYMMETRY}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/nanana00_1650408450_speciationmodels.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{BODY CAVITIES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
most bilaterians posses a a {\bf{body cavity}} ({\emph{coelom}}) & - fluid/air filled space between digestive tract \& outer body wall \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & cushions organs, acts as hydrostatic skeleton, organs move independently of body wall \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}