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\author{NaeemahJ}
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  /Title (descriptive-statistics.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (NaeemahJ)
  /Subject (Descriptive Statistics Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Descriptive Statistics Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{NaeemahJ} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/196521/cs/41311/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}NaeemahJ \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 30th November, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Descriptive Statistics Pathway}}  \tn
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Statistical Methods}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Descriptive Statistics}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Methods that help us to describe sample or population 	{\bf{Example:}} Standard deviation} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Process} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1- Identify population or sample  2- Identify variable of interest         3- Collect data 4- Describe data} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Inferential Statistics}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Methods that help us to use sample information in order to draw conclusions regarding the population 	{\bf{Example:}} Confidence Interval} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Process} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1- Identify population 2- Identify variable of interest 3- Collect sample data 4- Inference about population based on sample data (Make statements or predictions about the population)} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Population /Sample}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch1. Review Questions}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Walter Wallace's wheel of science best illustrates which of the following?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The relationship between theory and data} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{A characteristic of the individual to be measured or observed is:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Variable} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{You are studying relationship between activity level and body fat percentage of females in New Jersey. What is the independent variable and what is the control variable of your study?}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Activity level: Independent variable. Gender:Control variable} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Identify: 1) the level of measurement 2) Whether the variable is discrete or continuous}}} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{What is the main mode of transportation you use to commute to work? 1. by foot 2. by bicycle 3. by private vehicle, including car, truck, van, taxicab, and motorcycle 4. by public transportation, including bus, rail, and ferry} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1)}}Level of Measurement: Nominal. {\bf{2)}}Neither Continuous or Discrete.} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{People convicted of first-degree murder should be executed. Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{1)}}Level of Measurement:Ordinal. {\bf{2)}}Neither Continuous or Discrete.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Data Collection Critical Issues}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{SOP / MOP}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}A Standard Operating Procedure or Manual Operating Procedure is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by a research team to guide individuals carry out the research project operations.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Blind Group}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\emph{Single Blind:}} Participant is blind to the collected data.  {\emph{Double Blind:}} Participant and researcher are blind to the collected data.  {\emph{Triple Blind:}} Participant, researcher, and project manager are blind to the collected data.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Placebo}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}A Substance that's designed to have no therapeutic value.} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{QA / QC}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Quality Assurance is process orientated and focuses on problem prevention.   QAs are set of approaches, methods, processes and actions formulated to assure quality of the project and its focus is on problem identification and correction.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Shape of Data Distribution}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variation Analysis: Coefficient of Skewness}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Coefficient of Skewness}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Concept:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}What is shape of data distribution using numerical form} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Shows}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}direction of skewness (sign). Strength of skewness (value). Comparison of several distributions} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variation Analysis: Coefficient of Variation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/naeemahj_1701268377_Screenshot 2023-11-29 at 9.32.26 AM.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Coefficient of Variation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Concept:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}What is shape of data distribution using numerical form} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Potentials}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Shows degree of skewness within the data set. Easy to compare several distributions} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chebyshev Theorem}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/naeemahj_1701269173_Screenshot 2023-11-29 at 9.44.17 AM.png}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Concept: How much of data is located close to mean and how much is far from the mean.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chebyshev Theorem Example}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/naeemahj_1701269348_Screenshot 2023-11-29 at 9.48.49 AM.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variation Analysis: Z Score}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/naeemahj_1701270300_Screenshot 2023-11-29 at 10.04.17 AM.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Concept: How far one data is from the mean, in units of standard deviation \newline Positive Z indicates that the data is above average, Negative Z indicates that it is below average \newline If data distribution is normal, then Z is Standard Z Score}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quantitative Vs Qualitative Methods}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Quantitative Research}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Test Theories/hypothesis} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Seeks to Measure/Quantify} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Methodology}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{o	Numerical Values} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{o	Closed Questions} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Required Data}}} \tn 
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% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Requires Many Respondents} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Outcomes }}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{o	May be generalized to the population.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{o	Guidance for decision making.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Key Terms }}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Testing, Measurement, Objectivity, replicability} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Quantitative Vs Qualitative Methods}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Qualitative Research}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Seeks to explain and understand.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Exploring ideas and formulating theory and hypothesis} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ Methodology}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{o	Text/Narratives} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{o	Open-ended Question} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Required Data}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Requires Few respondents.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Outcome}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{o	Not projectable to total populations} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{o	Understandings for new ideas} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Key Terms}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Understanding, context, complexity, subjectivity} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Population/ Sample}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Population}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}all individuals of objects under study.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sample}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}a portion of population.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Individual/Unit of Analysis}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}an indivudals or object under study .} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Parameter}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}a numerical measure that describes an aspect of a population.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Statistic}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}a numerical mesure that describes an aspect of a sample.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sampling Frame }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}a list of individuals from which a sample is taken.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Under-coverage}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the outcome of omitting some individuals from the sample frame.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Random Sample }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}a sample selected in a manner that every individual has equal chance to be selected as a member of the sample.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sampling Error }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}the difference between a sample statistics and corresponding population parameter.{\emph{Sampling error can not be determined.Sampling error most probably decreases as the sample size is increased.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Non-sampling Error }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Mainly the result of: Poor sample design, problematic data collection, biases involved in data collection} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Data Organization: Tabular Methods}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/naeemahj_1700168559_Screenshot 2023-11-16 at 4.01.23 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Data Organization: Frequency Distribution}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Applications} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Distribution of data within categories.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Guidelines} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Must be mutually exclusive (Non-Overlap classes) and Exhaustive (Classes for every observation) .} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If possible:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}5-10 classes. Equal class width (Size, Range, Interval). Avoid open-ended classes (More than \$100,000). List all classes including those which have zero frequency.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.84149 cm} x{3.13551 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Data Presentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Types: }} & Static, Interactive, Animated \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Nature of Data}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Univariate Charts}} & Line Chart, Bar Chart, Pie Chart, Histogram, Bi-Histogram, Polygon, Box-Plot, Q-Q Plot, P-P Plot \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Bivariate Charts }} & Scatter Plot \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Multivariate Charts}} & Star Chart, Radar Chart, Web Chart, Area Chart \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variation Analysis: Box Plot}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/naeemahj_1700189060_Screenshot 2023-11-16 at 9.43.15 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variation Analysis: Range}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Range}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Gap between 2 data {\emph{Gap between minimum and maximum}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Range = R= Maximum - Minimum} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Mid-Range}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Half of maximum and minimum data together} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Mid-range = MR = Maximum + Minimum/2} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Inter-Quartile Range}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}IQR=Q3-Q1} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Inter-Quartile Deviation}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}IQD = QD = (Q3-Q1) / 2} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Index of Qualitative Variation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Concept:}} & The index of qualitative variation (IQV) is a measure of variability for nominal data. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
IQV = & Number of observed differences / Maximum possible differences \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Empirical Rule (Normal)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/naeemahj_1701269581_Screenshot 2023-11-29 at 9.51.07 AM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Concept: If data is normally distributed, what percentages of data is located close to mean and how much is far from the mean. \newline About 68\% of the data fall in the interval of μ - 1 to μ + 1 \newline About 95\% of the data fall in the interval of μ - 2 to μ + 2 \newline About 99\% of the data fall in the interval of μ - 3 to μ + 3 \newline Standard deviation is about one forth of the range (R/4)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Classical Probability}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/naeemahj_1701278496_Screenshot 2023-11-29 at 12.17.40 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ex: When we roll a fair die, what is probability of having 2? \newline Probability of 2 = P(2) = 1/6 = 16.6\%}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Data}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/naeemahj_1700151781_1*dvvxoZTdewLFs3RyZTJreA.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Data \& Variable}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Data} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Facts and values of variables collected for analysis/presentation} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Qualitative. Data} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Values have qualitative format. {\bf{Example:}} Mode of transportation} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Quantitative. Data} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Values of a meaningful quantitative format. {\bf{Example:}} Age of Customers} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.14471 cm} x{3.83229 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Data \& Variable}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Variable}} & any characteristics of an individual that can change from individual to individual. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Variable Types}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{1.}}	Independent Variable (explanatory)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{the variable that you purposely change or control in order to see what effect it has.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Variable that is changed or controlled in a study / scientific experiment}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{2.}}	Dependent Variable (response)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{the variable that responds to the change in the independent variable.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{3.}}	Lurking Variable} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{the variable that can have effect on the variables being studied but is not included in the study.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{4.}}	Control Variable} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{the variable that you keep it controlled in order to reduce effects on known and unknown variables.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{5.}}	Confounded Variable} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variable Type Example}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Example}}  A researcher wants to assess the effectiveness of drug X on recovery duration.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Independent Variable (explanatory):}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Amount of drug X intake (mg)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Dependent Variable (response):}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Recovery duration (days)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Lurking Variables:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Gender, Age, Weight, Ethnicity, Other illnesses, etc} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Control Variable:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Researcher will collect data from 25-40 years old patients to keep age constant.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Confounded Variable:}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Other drugs the patient is taking} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Frequency Distribution: Relative Analysis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Proportion}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}\seqsplit{𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦/(𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒} 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Percentage}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}\seqsplit{𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦/(𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒} 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒)∗100} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Percent Change}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\emph{(𝐹2 −𝐹1)/𝐹1∗100}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}F1 is the earlier frequency. F2 is the later frequency. \% change can be positive or negative} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Ratio}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}𝐹1/𝐹2} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}F1 is the number of cases in 1st category. F2 is the number of cases in 2nd category.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Rate}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}(\# 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 \seqsplit{𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)/(\#} 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 \seqsplit{𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠)}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}122 death / 7000 population = 0.0174. Crude Death Rate = 0.0174 * 1000. Crude Death Rate = 17.4 per 1000.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Density}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}\seqsplit{𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦/(𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠} 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Density is the only measure that requires quantitative data.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Data Category/ Level of Measurement/Nature of Data}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Qualitative (Categorical)}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Codes: Religious background, Political Affiliation} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nominal :} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Objects fall into unordered categories.  Example: Race, Religious background} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ordinal:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Objects fall into naturally ordered categories. Example: Performance, Economic class} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Binary}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Non-Binary}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Objects fall into sevral catergories. Example: Level of community participation} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Quantitative (Numerical)}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Numbers: Income, Family Size} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mean}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/naeemahj_1700174007_central_tendency_calculation-400x295.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.63781 cm} x{2.33919 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Median/Quartiles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Position of Median in Data Set}} & (𝑛+1)/2 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Quartiles}} & Position of Q1: (𝑛+1)* 0.25 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Position of Q3: (𝑛+1)* 0.75 \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mean Deviation \& Standard Deviation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/naeemahj_1700188647_Screenshot 2023-11-16 at 9.32.05 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variation Analysis: Percentile, Decile, Quartile}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/naeemahj_1701269745_Screenshot 2023-11-29 at 9.54.29 AM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Concept: where one data stands in comparison to the rest of data within the data set \newline Percentile: Percent of data which is equal or less than a given data  \newline Decile: Which decile a data falls in \newline Quartile: Which quartile a data falls in}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}