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% Document Info
\author{nadjjj\_06}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (plant-hormones.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (nadjjj\_06)
  /Subject (PLANT HORMONES Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{PLANT HORMONES Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{nadjjj\_06} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/182191/cs/37899/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}nadjjj\_06 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/nadjjj-06} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 25th March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{5.2 cm} x{2.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HORMONE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Greek: hormon}} & to excite \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Naturally occurring, signalling molecules that exert a profound influence on physiological processes} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Produced in tiny amounts by one part of an organism's body and transported to other parts, where it binds to a specific receptor and triggers responses in target cells and tissues.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phytohormones}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Principal means of intercellular communication within plants} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Produced within plants, and are effective at extremely low concentrations} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Transported to different parts of the plants to perform various physiological functions} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Plant hormones control growth, flowering, fruiting, aging, and even death.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Effect of a particular hormone is concentration dependent; hormones may have different effects at different concentrations.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Like animal hormones, plant hormones affect target cells via receptor proteins.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Plants regulate levels of hormones by altering precursors, transport, inactivation, breakdown, or storage.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TYPES OF PHYTOHORMONES}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{auxin} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{gibberilins} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{cytokinins} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Ethylene} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Abscissic Acid} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Brassinosteroids} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Strigolactones} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{AUXIN}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{AUXIN: THE GROWTH HORMONES} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Auxin was the first plant hormone to be discovered.} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Greek word auxein & means "to increase or to grow." \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Enlargement of plant cells.} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Indole-3-acetic} acid (IAA) & is the most widely distributed natural auxin \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Promotes production of & Shoot apical meristems \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & young leaves \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & root tips \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & germinating seeds \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & fruits \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.6 cm} x{6.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AUXIN}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Auxins promote cell elongation of stems and  coleoptiles}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Coleoptile} & is the pointed protective sheath covering the emerging shoot of  monocots \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Phototropism is mediated by the lateral  redistribution of auxin}}} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Gravitropism involves lateral  redistribution of auxin}}} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Auxin promotes apical dominance}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Auxin promotes the formation of lateral and  adventitious roots}}} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Auxin delays the onset of leaf abscision}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{When the level of auxin declines, a special layer of cells — the abscission layer — forms at the  base of the petiole.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Auxin promotes fruit development}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gibberellins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Gibberellins: Regulators of Plant Height} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
discovered by & Ewiti Kurosawa \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Causes & Internodal elongation known as the 'bakanae' or 'foolish seedling' disease of rice \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Isolated from & fungus (Gibberella fujikuroi) \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Stimulate stem elongation} \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Promotes PRODUCTION of: & Meristems of apical buds and roots, \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & young leaves \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & developing seeds \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS  OF GIBBERELLINS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Gibberellins Stimulate Stem Growth in  Plants.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Gibberellin application results in bolting (stem growth)} \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{"Foolish rice" seedlings, suffer from an overdose of gibberellins normally found in plants in lower  concentrations} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Gibberellins promote fruit set and  parthenocarpy}}} \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{GA promote early seed development  and germination.}}} \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Gibberellins mobilize nutrients during seed germination} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.84 cm} x{4.16 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cytokinins : Regulators of Cell Division}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Discovered in the search for? & factors that stimulate plant cells to divide \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
The most common natural cytokinin is? & Zeatin, \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
because it was discovered first in? & (Zea mays) \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS  OF CYTOKININS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Auxin :Cytokinin regulates root and short  initiation in callus tissues}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Cytokinin stimulates the Growth Of  Axillary Buds}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Cytokinins Delay Leaf Senescence}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Leaf senescence is delayed in a transgenic tobacco plant containing a cytokinin biosynthesis gene, ipt. The ipt gene is expressed in response to signals that induce senescence.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ethylene: The Gaseous Hormone}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Discovered in the early & 1900s \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
as a ? & fruit ripening \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Not required for? & normal vegetative growth \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Synthesized primarily in? & in response to stress and may be produced in large amounts by tissues undergoing senescence or ripening \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Promotes production of? & Fruit ripening \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Senescence \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Leaf abscission \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & Wounds and stress \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.92 cm} x{4.08 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS  OF Ethylene}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Ethylene stimulates fruit ripening.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Fruits that ripen in response to ethylene exhibit a characteristic respiratory rise called climacteric before the ripening phase} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Ethylene triggers ripening, and ripening triggers more ethylene production-a rare example of positive feedbackmechanism} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{As apples ripen, they release ethylene. Over- ripened apples release the hormone in high  amounts, causing other apples stored nearby to ripen faster and rot sooner.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Ethylene promotes senescence and leaf  abscission.}}} \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & auxin from the leaf prevents abscission \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & the amount of auxin from the leaf decreases and the ethylene level rises \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Synthesis of enzyme that hydrolyze the cell wall polysaccharides, resulting in cell separation and leaf abscission \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Ethylene instigates triple response}} & slowing of stem elongation \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & thickening of the stem \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.92 cm} x{4.08 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS  OF Ethylene (cont)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Curvature that causes the stem to start growing horizontally \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Ethylene regulates epinasty}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Abscisic Acid}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Abscisic Acid: A Seed Maturation and  Antistress Signal} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Accumulates as a response to stressful environmental conditions, such as dehydration, cold temperatures, or shortened day lengths} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS  OF AA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Abscissic acid induces seed and bud  dormancy}} & ABA induces dormancy in seeds by blocking germination and promoting the synthesis of storage proteins \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ABA accumulates in dormant buds as an adaptive feature in cold climates \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{ABA Closes Stomata in Response to  Water Stress}} & ABA binding leads to influx of Calcium and the opening of potassium channel \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Potassium ions exits the guard cells and water follows. Guard cells become flaccid, closing the stomatal aperture \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Strigolactones}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Strigolactones are signaling compounds made by plants.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2 Main functions: & as endogenous hormones to control plant development \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & as components of root exudates to promote symbiotic interactions between plants and soil microbes. \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Some plants that are parasitic on other plants have established a third function, which is to stimulate germination of their seeds when in close proximity to the roots of a suitable host plant.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brassinosteroids}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Brassinosteroids (BRs) as a class of steroid plant hormones participate in the regulation of numerous developmental processes, including root and shoot growth, vascular differentiation, fertility, flowering, and seed germination.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Brassinosteroids (BR) and gibberellins (GA) promote seed germination of these species and counteract the germination-inhibition by abscisic acid (ABA).} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}