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% Document Info
\author{nadjjj\_06}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (plant-developmental-responses.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (nadjjj\_06)
  /Subject (PLANT DEVELOPMENTAL RESPONSES Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{PLANT DEVELOPMENTAL RESPONSES Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{nadjjj\_06} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/182191/cs/37900/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}nadjjj\_06 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/nadjjj-06} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 25th March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{6.24 cm} x{1.76 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PLANT DEV. RESPONSES TO SIGNALS}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{PLANT DEVELOPMENTAL RESPONSES TO EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SIGNALS}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{SENSING ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI}}} \tn 
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Among the environmental factors that are perceived and transduced and initiate adaptive responses are the following. & LIGHT \tn 
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 & GRAVITY \tn 
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 & TOUCH \tn 
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 & \seqsplit{TEMPERATURE} \tn 
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 & WATER \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PLANT MOVEMENTS}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Tropic Movements} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Nastic Movements} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Turgor Movements} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tropic movements}}  \tn
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Tropism & is the directional growth response to environmental stimuli such as light, gravity, and touch. \tn 
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\seqsplit{Phototropism} & Induced by light e.g. bending of stems towards light. \tn 
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\seqsplit{Geotropism} & Induced by gravity e.g. growth of roots towards gravity \tn 
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\seqsplit{Thigmotropism} & Movement caused by contact e.g., twining stem and tendril and the drooping of leaves of sensitive plant by touch \tn 
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\seqsplit{Hydrotropism} & Induced by water i.e., growth of roots towards source of water. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nastic Movement}}  \tn
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The nastic (nastein : bending) movements & are the growth movements resulting due to difference in the rate of growth on opposite sides of an organ \tn 
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When the lower side grows more rapidly than upper side, it is called  as & hyponasty \tn 
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When upper side of an organ grows faster than the lower side, the movement is called & epinasty \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Turgor Movements}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Movements are due to change in the volume of water inside the cell.} \tn 
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Turgor pressure- & Pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall \tn 
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Turgid- & When more water is present in the cell it is fully expanded and becomes rigid or hard. \tn 
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Flaccid- & When less water is present inside the cell, it is not fully expanded and remains soft. \tn 
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Turgor movements in the sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica). & A trigger hair must be touched more than once or two trigger hairs must be touched with in seconds of each other \tn 
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 & Seed pods of some plants open on maturity, vigorously expelling their seed. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Photoperiodism}}  \tn
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Photoperiodism & is any response of a plant to the relative lengths of daylight and darkness. \tn 
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Short-day Plants (SDP) & flower when the night length is equal to or greater than some critical period \tn 
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 & Chrysanthemum, Cosmos, Dahlia, poinsettias are short- day plants. \tn 
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Long-day Plants (LDP) & They produce flowers when exposed to a light period longer than a fixed day-length \tn 
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 & Lettuce, spinach potatoes radish, are long-day. \tn 
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\seqsplit{Intermediate-day} plants (IDP) & do not flower when day length is either too long or too short \tn 
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 & Sugarcane, onion, and coleus are intermediate-day plants. \tn 
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Day-neutral Plants (DNP) & In these plants flowering is not affected by length of light period \tn 
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 & Cucumber, Tomato, Corn and Sunflower, are day-neutral plants. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FLORIGEN AND PHYTOCHROME}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{ROLE OF FLORIGEN AND PHYTOCHROME IN FLOWERING} \tn 
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\seqsplit{Florigen} & is responsible for initiation of flowering in plants. \tn 
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\seqsplit{Phytochrome} & known as light absorbing pigment and it makes the plants sensitive to light and participates in seed germination and flowering. \tn 
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PR & absorbs red light \tn 
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Pfr & absorbs far-red light \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.48 cm} x{5.52 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Circadian Rhythms}}  \tn
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Latin circum, & "around," and diurn, "daily") \tn 
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Circadian Rhythms & "daily") help an organism respond to the time of day \tn 
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 & an internal timer, or biological clock \tn 
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red light– & absorbing phytochrome \tn 
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blue/ultra violet- & A light– absorbing \tn 
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{\bf{cryptochrome}} & implicated in resetting the biological clock \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2 cm} x{6 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vernalization}}  \tn
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\seqsplit{Vernalization} & is the process of accelerating the process of flowering by subjecting or exposing the plant to low temperature. \tn 
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 & Some examples include carrots, beets, onions, winter wheat, cabbage, and turnips. In order to produce flowers and seeds, these plants have to go through the process of vernalization. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RESPONSES TO HERBIVORES AND PATHOGENS}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Each plant cells has an innate immune system to fight against local infection. When a molecule produced by a pathogen or herbivore binds to a receptor in a plant cell, it triggers a signal transduction pathway.} \tn 
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{\bf{Hypersensitive Response (HR)}} & found in all higher plants and is characterized by a rapid cell death at the point of pathogen ingress. It is usually associated with pathogen resistance. \tn 
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Jasmonic Acid activates several plant defenses & This lipid derived plant hormone, triggers the production of enzymes that confer an increases resistance against herbivorous (plant-eating) insects. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Methyl Salicylate may induce systemic acquired resistance}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a mechanism of induced defense that confers long-lasting protection against a broad spectrum of microorganisms.} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Tobacco plants infected with tobacco mosaic virus release methyl salicylate into the air} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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