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% Document Info
\author{Mudassir Khan (mvdassir\_)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (animal-kingdom.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Mudassir Khan (mvdassir\_))
  /Subject (Animal Kingdom Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Animal Kingdom Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Mudassir Khan (mvdassir\_)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/160173/cs/33771/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Mudassir Khan (mvdassir\_) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/mvdassir} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 31st August, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Taxonomy}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Taxonomy}} is the branch of science that deals with the study of nomenclature, classification, and principles of classification. Taxonomy word was given by {\bf{"Candolle"}} \{\{nl\}\}({\bf{Taxis}} - arrangements. {\bf{Nomia}}-distribution).% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aristotle}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Aristotle}}:- He is known as the "{\bf{father of zoology}}". (Book {\bf{Historia Animalium}}). \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
He is also known as the father of ancient taxonomy. He classified animals into two groups on the basis of the \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
color of blood. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
(1) {\bf{Anaima}} - Those animals which don't have red blood or in which RBC are absent. e.g. Invertebrates like \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
Sponges, Cnidaria, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
(2) {\bf{Enaima }}:- These animals have {\bf{red blood}}. This group includes all vertebrates and it has been further divided into two subgroups. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
          (a) {\bf{Vivipara}}:- It includes animals that give birth to young ones. e.g. Mammals. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
          (b){\bf{ Ovipara}}:- It includes animals that lay eggs. e.g. Pisces, Amphibians, Reptiles, Aves, etc.% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.0445 cm} x{11.2255 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Symmetry}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Asymmetry }} & When any plane that passes through the centre does not divide the body of animals into two equal halves. \{\{nl\}\}e.g : most of the sponges are asymmetrical. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Radial symmetry}} & When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divide the animal into two identical halves.\{\{nl\}\} e.g : Coelenterates, Ctenophores and Echinoderms (adult) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Bilateral symmetry}} & When the body can be divided into identical left \& right halves in only one plane.  \{\{nl\}\}e.g : Platyhelminthes to Chordates. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.5626 cm} x{10.7074 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Body plan}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Cell-aggregate type}} & e.g. Sponges \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Blind Sac type}} & Animals in which digestive system is incomplete, it has only single opening to the outside of the body that serves as both mouth and anus. \{\{nl\}\}e.g. Coelenterates to Platyhelminthes \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Tube-within-tube type}} & Found in those animals having complete digestive tract i.e. with separate openings mouth and anus. \{\{nl\}\} e.g. Nemathelminthes to Chordates \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.3537 cm} x{11.9163 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Germinal layers}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Diploblastic }} & Animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers ectoderm and endoderm with an intervening undifferentiated mesoglea \{\{nl\}\}e.g. Coelenterates and Ctenophores. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Triploblastic }} & Those animals in which the developing embryo has a third germinal layer–Mesoderm in between the ectoderm and endoderm \{\{nl\}\}e.g. Platyhelminthes to Chordates. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{6.0445 cm} x{11.2255 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Level of body organisation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Protoplasmic level}} & In protozoans, unicellular body performs all biological activities \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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{\bf{ Cellular level}} & In sponges, cells are arranged as loose cell aggregates and division of labour occurs among cells (Tissues absent) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Tissue level}} & In coelenterates and ctenophores, cells performing the same function are arranged into tissues \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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{\bf{Organ level}} & In Platyhelminthes tissues are grouped together to form organs. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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{\bf{Organ system level}} & In higher animals, organs further organise to form organ systems  e.g. Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Chordata \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.5264 cm} x{11.7436 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Segmentation}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Pseudometameric}} & e.g. Tapeworms \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Metameric }} & In Annelids, Arthropods and Chordates. In these animals, the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial repetition of atleast some organs, this is called metameric segmentation and the phenomenon is known as Metamerism. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 10)
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.181 cm} x{12.089 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Notochord}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Non-chordates}} & Animals without notochord\{\{nl\}\} e.g. Porifera to Hemichordata \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Chordates }} & Animals with notochord. \{\{nl\}\}eg. Chordata \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The notochord is a mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic \newline development in some animals.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{4.6629 cm} x{12.6071 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Circulatory system}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Open type}} & In which the blood is pumped out of heart and the cells \& tissues are directly bathed in it.\{\{nl\}\} e.g. Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, Hemichordates and some lower Chordates like tunicates \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Closed type}} & In which the blood is circulated through a series of vessels of varying diameters i.e. arteries, veins and blood capillaries \{\{nl\}\} e.g. Annelids, Cephalopod molluscs, Vertebrates etc. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.6991 cm} x{11.5709 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Embryonic development}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Protostomiates }} & Animals in which mouth is formed first (Blastopore→Mouth)\{\{nl\}\} e.g. Platyhelminthes to Mollusca \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Deuterostomiate }} & Animals in which anus is formed earlier than mouth (Blastopore → Anus) \{\{nl\}\} e.g. Echinoderms, Hemichordates and Chordates. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{On the basis of the fate of blastopore, animals can be divided into two categories : \newline (i) Protostomiates  \newline (ii) Deuterostomiate}  \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.8718 cm} x{11.3982 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Body Cavity or Coelom}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Acoelomates }} & Animals in which the body cavity is absent\{\{nl\}\} e.g. Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctennophora, Platyhelminthes \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pseudocoelomates }} & In same animals body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, instead, the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body cavity is called pseudocoelom. \{\{nl\}\}e.g. Aschelminthes. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Coelomates }} & Animals possessing coelom i.e. the body cavity which is lined by mesoderm on all sides\{\{nl\}\}  On the basis of embryonic development, the coelom is of two types: \{\{nl\}\}(i) {\bf{Schizocoel}} – Coelom formed by splitting of a mesodermal mass\{\{nl\}\} e.g. Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca. \{\{nl\}\}(ii) {\bf{Enterocoel}} – Coelom formed by fusion of gut pouches during embryonic stage \{\{nl\}\}e.g. Echinodermata, Hemichordata and Chordata. \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 17)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{The presence or absence of a cavity between the body wall and gut wall is very important in classification.}  \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{p{1.687 cm} x{8.0976 cm} x{7.0854 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Important Phyla}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. & {\bf{Protozoa (Included in kingdom - Protista)}} & Amoeba , Paramoecium etc \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2. & {\bf{Porifera (Kingdom - Animalia)}} & Sponges (Leucosolenia, Sycon) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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3. & {\bf{Coelenterata/Cnidaria}} & Hydra, Jellyfish, etc \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
4. & {\bf{Ctenophora (minor phylum)}} & Pleurobrachia, Ctenoplana \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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5. & {\bf{Platyhelminthes }} & Flatworms (eg: Tapeworm) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
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6. & {\bf{Nemathelminthes/Aschelminthes}} & Roundworm (eg: Ascaris) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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7. & {\bf{Annelida }} & Earthworm, Leech, etc \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
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8. & {\bf{Arthropoda}} & Insects, Scorpion, Fly, etc. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
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9. & {\bf{Mollusca }} & Snail, Pila, Octopus, etc. \tn 
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10. & {\bf{Echinodermata }} & Starfishes \tn 
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11. & {\bf{Hemichordata }} & Balanoglossus \tn 
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12. & {\bf{Chordata }} & Fish, Snake, Birds, Monkey, etc \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Test Your Knowledge 01}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{1. Which of the following phylum have radially symmetrical organisms ?\{\{nl\}\} (1) Coelenterata \{\{nl\}\}(2) Platyhelminthes \{\{nl\}\}(3) Aschelminthes\{\{nl\}\} (4) Annelida} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}(1) Coelenterata} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{2. Which of the following phylum possess true coelom ?\{\{nl\}\} (1) Aschelminthes\{\{nl\}\} (2) Annelida\{\{nl\}\} (3) Ctenophora\{\{nl\}\} (4) Platyhelminthes} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}(2) Annelida} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{3. Loose cell aggregate type body plan is found in \_\_\_\_\_.\{\{nl\}\} (1) Protozoa\{\{nl\}\} (2) Porifera\{\{nl\}\} (3) Coelenterata\{\{nl\}\} (4) Platyhelminthes} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}(2) Porifera} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{4. Which of the following phylum is pseudocoelomate ?\{\{nl\}\} (1) Aschelminthes \{\{nl\}\}(2) Arthropoda\{\{nl\}\} (3) Annelida \{\{nl\}\}(4) Platyhelminthes} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}(1) Aschelminthes} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{5. When any plane passing through the central axis of body and divides the animal into two identical halves. It is called as \_\_\_\_\_.\{\{nl\}\} (1) Asymmetry \{\{nl\}\}(2) Radial symmetry\{\{nl\}\} (3) Bilateral symmetry\{\{nl\}\} (4) Biradial symmetry} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}(2) Radial symmetry} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{6. Which of the following phylum have "Tube within tube" body plan ?\{\{nl\}\} (1) Platyhelminthes \{\{nl\}\}(2) Coelenterata\{\{nl\}\} (3) Porifera \{\{nl\}\}(4) Nemathelminthes} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}(4) Nemathelminthes} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{7. Which of the following phylum has closed circulatory system ?\{\{nl\}\} (1) Arthropoda\{\{nl\}\} (2) Annelida \{\{nl\}\}(3) Mollusca\{\{nl\}\} (4) Echinodermata} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}(2) Annelida} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Test Your Knowledge 01 (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{8. Segmentation is found in :-\{\{nl\}\} (1) Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca \{\{nl\}\}(2) Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinoderms\{\{nl\}\} (3) Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata \{\{nl\}\}(4) Arthropoda, Echinoderms, Chordata} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}(3) Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{9. Which of the following group is Deuterostome–\{\{nl\}\} (1) Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca \{\{nl\}\}(2) Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata\{\{nl\}\} (3) Annelida, Mollusca, Chordata \{\{nl\}\}(4) Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}(2) Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{10. Incomplete digestive tract found in -\{\{nl\}\} (1) Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes\{\{nl\}\} (2) Platyhelminthes and Ctenophora\{\{nl\}\} (3) Aschelminthes and Annelida \{\{nl\}\}(4) Coelenterates and Aschelminthes} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}(2) Platyhelminthes and Ctenophora} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - PORIFERA (Sponges)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{1. Members of this phylum are commonly known as {\bf{"Sponges"}}. The study of sponges is known as {\bf{Parazoology.}}\{\{nl\}\} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
2. All are {\bf{aquatic and Sessile}}, mostly {\bf{marine}} but few are found in {\bf{fresh water}} also. They are solitary or colonial. The entire body with pores i.e. numerous small {\bf{Ostia}} for entry and one large opening {\bf{Osculum}} for the exit of water.\{\{nl\}\} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 6)
3. Sponges have various body forms and shapes with {\bf{irregular}} shapes mostly {\bf{Asymmetrical}}. (Radial symmetry in Sycon and Leucosolenia)\{\{nl\}\} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
4. Sponges are primitive multicellular acoelomate animals and have a {\bf{cellular level}} of organization. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
5. Body wall encloses a large central cavity the {\bf{spongocoel}} or {\bf{paragastric cavity}} with small hollow canals.\{\{nl\}\} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
6. {\bf{Canal system or water transport system}}: It is a unique feature of sponges, water enters through Ostia in the body wall into the spongocoel and goes out through the osculum. This pathway of water transport is helpful in food gathering (Nutrition), respiratory exchange, and removal of Wastes (excretion).\{\{nl\}\} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 7)
7. {\bf{Choanocytes}} form the lining of Spongocoel and canals. The ceaseless beating of flagella helps in maintaining the flow of water current.\{\{nl\}\} \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 3)
8. Nutrition is holozoic. Digestion is {\bf{intracellular}} and occurs in food vacuoles of choanocytes.\{\{nl\}\} \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - PORIFERA (Sponges) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{9. Skeleton is internal, and consists of tiny {\bf{calcareous spicules}} or {\bf{siliceous spicules}} or fine {\bf{spongin fiber}} located in the mesenchyme. {\bf{Scleroblast}} secretes spicules and {\bf{spongioblast}} secretes spongin fibers.\{\{nl\}\} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
10. {\bf{Respiration}} and {\bf{Excretion}} take place by diffusion of gases through the body surface. The excretory matter is {\bf{Ammonia.}}\{\{nl\}\} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\{\{bt\}\}\{\{bl\}\}11. {\bf{Reproduction}} takes place by means of- \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
(A) {\bf{Asexual}} - By Budding or Fragmentation or by Special cell mass {\bf{Gemmules}} containing {\bf{Archaeocytes.}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
• Endogenous buds of asexual reproduction in sponges are known as {\bf{Gemmules}} (In unfavorable conditions). \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
(B) {\bf{Sexual}} - Sponges are {\bf{Hermaphrodite}}, fertilization is {\bf{internal}} and {\bf{cross}} due to {\bf{Protogynous}} condition and development is {\bf{indirect}} having a larval stage which is morphologically distinct from adult.% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - CNIDARIA}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{• Coelenterates are also known as {\bf{Cnidarians}} due to the presence of stinging cells called {\bf{Cnidoblast}} or {\bf{Cnidocytes}}. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
1. Mostly {\bf{marine}}, {\bf{few fresh-water}} (Hydra) Carnivorous, sessile or free swimming. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
2. {\bf{Radial symmetry.}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
3. {\bf{Tissue level of organization, acoelomate animals.}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
4. They develop from two germinal layers {\bf{(1) Ectoderm (2) Endoderm}} i.e. they are {\bf{Diploblastic}} (mesogloea between two layers) Interstitial cells are totipotent cells found in both layers of the body wall. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 5)
5. Coelenterates have two basic body forms ({\bf{Dimorphic}}) - \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
(A) {\bf{Polyp}}-  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
-Cylindrical and sessile form \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
- May be solitary or Colonial \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
- Mouth directed upwards \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
 e.g.- Hydra, Adamsia \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(B){\bf{Medusa}}- \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
- Umbrella-shaped and free swimming \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
- Always solitary \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
- Mouth directed downwards \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
 e.g. - Aurelia \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
• Either or both zooids may occur in a species. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
• If both are found in a species, two forms alternate in life cycle, Polyps produce medusae asexually and medusae form the polyps sexually, this alternation of generation is called {\bf{Metagenesis}} eg:- {\bf{Obelia}} \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - CNIDARIA (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{• Group of different types of zooids in polyp or medusa shows {\bf{polymorphism}}. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
6.{\bf{Cnidoblast}} or {\bf{Cnidocyte}} (contains stinging capsule as Nematocyst) present on the tentacles and body, which are used for {\bf{anchorage}} (Attachment), {\bf{defense}} and for the capture of Prey (Offence). \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 5)
• Body of some coelenterates may be covered by the exoskeleton of calcium carbonate. eg. :- {\bf{Corals}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
7. A large central cavity called {\bf{Coelenteron}} is having a single aperture on {\bf{hypostome}} i.e. {\bf{Incomplete digestive tract (Blind sac)}}. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
8. {\bf{Digestion}} is {\bf{extracellular}} as well as {\bf{Intracellular}} i.e. takes place in Coelenteron as well as in food vacuole. The mouth serves both purposes. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 4)
• Coelenteron is also responsible for the distribution of food besides partly digesting it. Due to this dual role, it is named coelenteron or {\bf{Gastrovascular cavity}}. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 4)
9. {\bf{Respiration}} and {\bf{Excretion}} take place by diffusion of gases through {\bf{body surface}}. The excretory matter is {\bf{Ammonia}}. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 3)
10. {\bf{Nervous system}} diffused type and consists of {\bf{non-polar neurons}} (Nerve net). \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
11. Reproduction \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
– Asexual by budding \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
– Sexual by the production of gametes \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
– Development is indirect with larval stages \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - CNIDARIA (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{– Larva of {\bf{Obelia - Planula}} (free living). \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
– Larva of {\bf{Aurelia - Ephyra.}}% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - CTENOPHORA}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{1. Ctenophores are known for their {\bf{beauty}} and {\bf{delicate}} nature. In sunlight, their comb-plates give the effect of a rainbow. They are commonly known as {\bf{"Sea-gooseberries"}} or {\bf{"Comb-jellies"}} or {\bf{"Sea-walnuts".}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
2. Nematoblasts are absent, so they are also called {\bf{"acnidarians".}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
3. They are {\bf{exclusively marine.}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
4. {\bf{Bioluminescence}} (The property of a living organism to emit light) is well marked. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
5. Body is soft {\bf{transparent}} jelly-like. They are {\bf{radially symmetrical}}, {\bf{Diploblastic}} organisms with {\bf{tissue grade}} body organization. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
6. Locomotion takes place by the presence of {\bf{8 ciliary comb plates}} on the body surface. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
7. Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
8. Skeletal, Excretory and Respiratory systems are absent. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
9. They are {\bf{carnivorous}}. A pair of long solid tentacles are present. In place of nematoblasts, special types of cells are present on tentacles, called {\bf{Lasso cells (Colloblasts)}} which help in catching the prey. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 5)
10. Sexes are not separate. Reproduction takes place only by sexual means. Fertilization is external. \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 3)
11. Development is of the {\bf{indirect}} type. The life cycle involves a free-living {\bf{Cydippid}} larval stage. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - CTENOPHORA (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{e.g.  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
1. Pleurobrachia \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
2. Ctenoplana \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
3. Beroe - Swimming eye of Cat. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
4. Cestum -% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - PLATYHELMINTHES}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{1. They have dorsoventrally flattened bodies and hence are called {\bf{flatworms.}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
2. These are {\bf{mostly endoparasites}} found in animals including human beings but some are Free-living (aquatic). \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
3. Study of worms causing a parasitic infestation in humans is called {\bf{Helminthology.}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
4. Body is {\bf{Bilaterally symmetrical}} and the body organization is of {\bf{organ /organ system grade.}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
5. Body is {\bf{Triploblastic}} i.e. body is formed from three germinal layers i.e. {\bf{Ectoderm, Endoderm \& Mesoderm.}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
6. Locomotary organs are absent in these animals but {\bf{adhesive organs}} like {\bf{suckers, hooks}}, etc are present in the parasitic form. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
7. Epidermis is sometimes ciliated. On the body wall of parasitic animals, a thick cuticle is present i.e. {\bf{Tegument.}} A thick cuticle protects the parasite from the digestive enzymes of the host. \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 4)
– Muscles in the body wall are {\bf{mesodermal}}. Below the epidermis, {\bf{longitudinal, circular, and oblique}} muscles are present. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 3)
8. These are {\bf{acoelomate.}} In between various organs a solid, loose mesodermal tissue called {\bf{Mesenchyma}} or {\bf{Parenchyma}} is present. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 3)
9. Digestive system is {\bf{incomplete}} (Blind sac body plan) and without an anus but in Tapeworm digestive system is completely absent. They absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body surface. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - PLATYHELMINTHES (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{10. {\bf{Skeleton, respiratory and circulatory systems}} are {\bf{absent.}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
11. They {\bf{respire}} through the {\bf{body surface.}} {\bf{Anaerobic}} respiration is found in internal parasites like Taenia. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
12. {\bf{Excretion}} occurs through specialized cells called {\bf{flame cells or Solenocytes (Protonephridia)}}. They also help in {\bf{osmoregulation.}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
13. {\bf{Nervous system}} is {\bf{ladder-like}} and consists of a nerve ring and longitudinal nerve cords. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
14. They are {\bf{Bisexual.}} The {\bf{reproductive system}} is {\bf{complex}} and well developed. Fertilization is {\bf{internal.}} Development {\bf{indirect}} through many larva stages. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 4)
15. Some members like {\bf{Planaria}} possess a {\bf{high regeneration capacity.}} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
16. Examples- \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
{\bf{(A) Planaria}} -  \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
Found in freshwater, nocturnal, cannibalic, slow creeping, omnivorous. Reproduce sexually as \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
well as asexually (Transverse binary fission), with good power of regeneration. The pharynx can be everted. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 3)
{\bf{(B) Fasciola hepatica (Liver fluke)}} \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
• Life history involves two hosts (Digenetic parasite) \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
(1) Primary host - Sheep \& Goat \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
(2) Secondary host - Garden snail (Planorbis, Lymnea) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - PLATYHELMINTHES (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{• Adult fluke is found in the bile ducts and liver of Sheep and causes {\bf{Liver-rot}} or {\bf{Cirrhosis disease.}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
• Shows many larval stages namely {\bf{Miracidium}} (enters into snails body) →Sporocyst → Redia →Cercaria \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
→ Metacercaria →Eaten by sheep and develops into adult fluke. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
• Infective stage for Primary host (Sheep) - Metacercaria \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
• Infective stage for Secondary host (Snail) - Miracidium (Free swimming) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
{\bf{(C) Schistosoma (Blood fluke)}}:  \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
Found in veins of human bladder and intestine. Unisexual, Large male \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
carries female in a groove {\bf{gynaecophoric canal}} on the ventral side. It shows sexual dimorphism. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
• Life history involves two hosts (Digenetic parasite) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
(1) Primary host - Man \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(2) Secondary host - Garden snail (Planorbis, Lymnea) \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
• {\bf{Miracidium}} → {\bf{Sporocyst}} → {\bf{Cercaria}} larvae are found. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
• Larva enters the human body by boring in the skin while bathing in ponds. \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
It damages the liver \& causes intestinal disorder - {\bf{Schistosomiasis}} or {\bf{Bilharzia disease.}} \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
{\bf{(D) Taenia solium (Pork tapeworm)}}:  \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
Flat, white ribbon-like. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - PLATYHELMINTHES (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{• Body divided into (1) head or scolex with hooks \& suckers (2) Neck-for forming new proglottides \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
(3) long strobila approx 850 proglottides. T. solium is a human gut parasite, Attached to the intestinal wall by hooks \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\& suckers. Anaerobic respiration. Hermaphrodite, Self-fertilization. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
• Life history involves two hosts (Digenetic) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
(1) Primary host - Man \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
(2) Secondary host - Pig \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
• Development through many larval stages namely: Onchosphere, Hexacanth, Bladder worm and \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
Cysticercus \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
• Man gets an infection from undercooked pork containing encysted larvae cysticerci. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
• Infective stage for the primary host (Man) - Cysticercus. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
• Infective stage for the secondary host (Pig) - Onchosphere \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
• It causes the disease Taeniasis and Cysticercosis% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - NEMATHELMINTHES (ASCHELMINTHES)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{1. Phylum includes {\bf{roundworms}} that appear circular in cross-section. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
2. {\bf{Nematodes}} are found everywhere, they may be free-living (aquatic and terrestrial) or parasites in plants and \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
animals. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
3. They have long, {\bf{cylindrical bodies}} with tapering ends and {\bf{without segmentation.}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
4. Symmetry - {\bf{Bilateral}},  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Germ layer - {\bf{Triploblastic}},  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Level of organization - {\bf{Organ-system level}} and having {\bf{tube within tube body plan.}} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
5. Anterior end does not show a distinct head (Cephalisation absent). \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
6. {\bf{Body wall}} consists of \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
(i) {\bf{Cuticle}} - Nonliving, thick, and resistant to the digestive enzymes of the host. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
(ii) {\bf{Epidermis}} - Syncytial i.e. a continuous layer of cytoplasm having scattered nuclei. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
(iii) {\bf{Muscle layer}} - Only Longitudinal muscle fibers present \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
7. They are {\bf{Pseudocoelomate}} animals, the body cavity is there between the body wall and digestive tract which is not lined by a mesodermal epithelium i.e. {\bf{Pseudocoel}} (developed from embryonic blastocoel) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 5)
8. {\bf{Skeleton}} is absent but fluid pressure in the pseudocoelom maintains body shape. It is called {\bf{Hydroskeleton.}} \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 3)
9. {\bf{Digestive tract}} is {\bf{complete}} and differentiated into mouth, pharynx, intestine, and anus. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - NEMATHELMINTHES (ASCHELMINTHES) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{The {\bf{pharynx}} is {\bf{muscular}} and well developed. It is used to suck liquid food. The intestine is non-muscular. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
10. {\bf{Respiration}} is through the {\bf{body surface}} by diffusion. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
11. {\bf{Excretory system}} is H-shaped and consists of {\bf{excretory canals (Protonephridia)}} which remove body wastes from the body cavity through excretory pores. They develop from an embryonic {\bf{"Renette cell".}} The excretory matter is {\bf{ammonia.}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 5)
12. {\bf{Nervous system}} comprises a {\bf{nerve ring (Brain) }}and longitudinal {\bf{nerve cords.}} Sense organs like {\bf{Papillae}} (tangoreceptors), and {\bf{Amphids }}(chemoreceptors) are present on lips while {\bf{Phasmids}} (chemoreceptors) are found on \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 5)
the tail. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
13. {\bf{Reproduction system}} is developed and the sexes are separate {\bf{(Dioecious)}}. Fertilization is {\bf{internal}} and development may be {\bf{direct or indirect.}} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 4)
14. {\bf{Sexual dimorphism}} is present. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
{\bf{In Ascaris}} male is smaller than the female and curved from its caudal end. Male has Pineal setae for copulation. The genital tract joins with the digestive tract to form the cloaca. Female is larger than male and straight at both ends. Genital and digestive tract open independently (Cloaca absent). \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 7)
15. Eg. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
(1) {\bf{Ascaris}} - Roundworm (in the small intestine), larva - {\bf{Rhabditiform/Rhabditoid}} \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - NEMATHELMINTHES (ASCHELMINTHES) (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{(2) {\bf{Ancylostoma }}- Hookworm (in the small intestine) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
(3) {\bf{Wuchereria}} - Filarial worm (Viviparous) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
• Digenetic parasite that causes {\bf{Filariasis/Elephantiasis}} disease. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
• Carrier host is a female {\bf{Culex}} mosquito. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
• Adult mainly infects lymph vessels and lymph nodes in humans. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
(4) Dracunculus - Guinea worm (Madina worm) or Fiery serpent (Digenetic - Cyclops as intermediate host) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
(5) Enterobius - Pinworm or seat worm (in the large intestine) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
(6) Trichuris - Whipworm (in the intestine) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
(7) Rhabditis - Free-living nematode \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
(8) Trichinella - Infection in intestines and striated muscles (viviparous)% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - ANNELIDA}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{1. Free-living is found in moist soil (Terrestrial), freshwater or marine but few are parasites. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
2. Body is soft elongated, cylindrical, and divided into {\bf{segments}} or {\bf{metameres}} by ring-like grooves called Annuli. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
3. They are {\bf{bilaterally symmetrical}}, {\bf{triploblastic}}, and have an {\bf{organ system level}} of organization with the {\bf{tube within the tube}} body plan. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
• They are {\bf{metamerically segmented}} and {\bf{coelomate}} animals. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
• Anterior end has a distinct head with sense organs in a few annelids. (eg: Nereis) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
4. They have {\bf{Chitinous Setae}} and lateral muscular appendages called {\bf{Parapodia}} for {\bf{locomotion.}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
5. {\bf{Body wall}} consists of \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
(i) {\bf{Cuticle}} - Moist and elastic \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
(ii) {\bf{Epidermis }}- Living layer that secretes dead cuticle outside \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
(iii) {\bf{Muscle layer}} - Contains circular and longitudinal muscles which help in Locomotion \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
6. {\bf{Body cavity}} is a {\bf{true coelom}} lined by mesodermal coelomic epithelium. {\bf{(Schizocoel/First Eucoelomate).}} It is filled with {\bf{coelomic fluid}} that serves as a {\bf{hydrostatic skeleton.}} \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 4)
7. {\bf{Digestive tract}} is {\bf{complete}}, straight, and extends through the entire body. Digestive glands are developed for the first time in Annelida. \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 3)
8. {\bf{Respiration}} is through {\bf{moist skin (Cutaneous respiration)}}, Some have {\bf{gills (branchial respiration).}} \newline % Row Count 32 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - ANNELIDA (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{9. {\bf{Circulatory system}} is the {\bf{closed}} type and a {\bf{pulsatile heart}} is present. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
• The blood is red with {\bf{hemoglobin-like}} pigment which remains dissolved {\bf{in plasma (Erythrocruorin).}} It has amoeboid corpuscles only. (RBCs absent) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4)
10. {\bf{Excretory organ}} is {\bf{Nephridia}} (sing. nephridium). They also help in {\bf{osmoregulation.}} Excretory matter (1) {\bf{Ammonia}} in aquatic form (2) {\bf{Urea}} in landform \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
11. {\bf{Nervous system}} consists of a {\bf{nerve ring (Brain)}} and a solid, double, and ventral {\bf{nerve cord}} with ganglia. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
12. {\bf{Reproduction}} is {\bf{sexual}}, {\bf{Nereis}} is {\bf{dioecious}} but {\bf{earthworms}} and {\bf{leeches}} are {\bf{monoecious.}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
• Development is {\bf{direct or indirect}} with free swimming ciliated {\bf{trochophore}} larva. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
13. Examples: \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
1. {\bf{Nereis}} - Sandwarm/ Ringworm \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
(a) Cephalisation is present. \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
(b) Parapodia helps in locomotion. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
(c) Unisexual \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
(d) Larva is trochophore \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
2. {\bf{Pheretima }}- Earthworm \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
(a) Cephalisation absent \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1)
(b) Setae for locomotion \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
(c) Bisexual or hermaphrodite \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 1)
3. {\bf{Hirudinaria}} - Freshwater leech (Bloodsucking leech) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - ANNELIDA (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{(a) Cephalisation and setae absent \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
(b) Parapodia and setae absent \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
(c) Bisexual \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
(d) Hirudin (anticoagulant) present \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
4. {\bf{Aphrodite}} - Sea mouse% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - ARTHROPODA}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{1. Arthropoda is the largest phylum of Animalia which includes insects. Over two-thirds of named species on earth are arthropods. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
2. They may be aquatic (marine and freshwater) or terrestrial, free-living, and sometimes parasitic. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
3. Body is Bilaterally symmetrical, Triploblastic with organ system level of organization \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
4. They are metamerically segmented and coelomate animals. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
5. Body is divided into three regions Head, thorax \& abdomen, but in some head and thorax are fused to form cephalothorax (Prosoma) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
6. Unique features \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
(i) They have jointed appendages for different functions. (arthro - jointed, poda - foot/appendages). \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
(ii) The body of Arthropods is covered by a Chitinous exoskeleton. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
7. Body cavity around the viscera contains blood and the coelom filled with blood is called the haemocoel. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
8. Digestive Tract is complete and they can feed upon all kinds of food substances. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
9. Respiration by gills (e.g. Prawn), Book-gills (e.g. King crabs). The tracheal system (e.g Insects), Book-lungs (e.g. Scorpion), The trachea carries oxygen directly to the body cells. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 4)
10. Circulatory system is Open type i.e. blood flows in open tissue spaces and haemocoel instead of blood vessels. Blood is colourless and called Haemolymph (e.g. Insect). Respiratory pigment absent. Copper-containing pigment haemocyanin is found in some arthropods (e.g. Prawn). \newline % Row Count 34 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - ARTHROPODA (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{11. Excretory organs are - Antennary or green glands (e.g. Prawn), Coxal gland (e.g. Scorpion), Malpighian tubules (e.g. Insects) opening into the gut. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
12. Excretory matter is Ammonia in aquatic animals and Uric acid in land animals. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
13. Nervous system comprises a nerve ring and a double, solid, and ventral nerve cord bearing ganglia. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
14. Head is distinct {[} High degree of cephalization{]} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
15. Sensory organs like simple eyes, compound eyes or both, antennae, statocyst, and anal cerci are found. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
16. They are mostly dioecious. Fertilization is usually internal but few aquatic forms have external fertilization. Gonads have ducts. Sexual dimorphism may be present. They are mostly oviparous. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 4)
17. Development may be direct or indirect. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
18. Animals of Arthropoda are the most successful invaders of terrestrial environments among invertebrates due to the presence of (i) Cuticle (ii) Appendages (iii) Wings \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 4)
19. Examples:- \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
• Economically important insect - Apis (Honey bee), Bombyx (Silkworm), Laccifer (Lac insect) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
• Vectors - Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes (mosquitoes) \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2)
• Gregarious pest - Locusta (Locust) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 1)
• Living Fossil - Limulus (King crab) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHYLUM - ARTHROPODA (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{• Others - Butterfly, Scorpion, Prawn, Spider, Cyclops, Centipede, Millipede, Peripatus, etc. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
20. MOUTH PARTS IN INSECTS \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
(i) Biting and chewing - Grasshopper, Cockroach, Termites, Caterpillars. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
(ii) Piercing- sucking - Mosquitoes, Bugs, Tse-tse fly \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
(iii) Chewing- lapping type - Honey Bee \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
(iv) Sponging type - Housefly. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
(v) Siphoning type - Butterflies, moths \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
21. Muscles are \seqsplit{stripped/striated/voluntary} (first time developed in Arthropods) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
22. Due to the presence of joints, muscles are separate or arranged in bundles in them. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
23. Class Arachnida (Octapoda) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
- Cephalothorax bears 1 pair of Chelicerae, 1 pair of Pedipalps for feeding \& 4 pairs of walking legs \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
– Antennae absent \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
- Respiration - Trachea or book lungs \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
- Excretion - Coxal gland or Malpighian Tubules or both \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
- Development- Direct \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
-e.g. \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1)
1. Palamnaeus - Scorpion (viviparous and last segment modified into poison sting) \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
2. Lycosa/Agelena– Spider \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 1)
3. Ticks and Mites% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\end{document}