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% Document Info
\author{murphyluvbumi (murphyluvbumi)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (respiratory-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (murphyluvbumi (murphyluvbumi))
  /Subject (Respiratory System Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Respiratory System Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{murphyluvbumi (murphyluvbumi)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/213337/cs/46415/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}murphyluvbumi (murphyluvbumi) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/murphyluvbumi} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 27th May, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vocabulary}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Respiratory Airways - tubes that carry air between the atmosphere and the alveoli.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Conducting zone - top of the trachea to the respiratory bronchioles, provides a low-resistance pathway for airflow.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Respiratory Zone - where the gas exchange occurs.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Total Alveolar Surface - large surface that enables rapid exchange of large quantities of O2 and CO2 by DIFFUSION.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Type I cells - form the walls of the aveoli} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Type II cells - secrete a pulmonary surfactant that acts to reduce surface tension of water INSIDE the alveoli.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Surfactant - reduces cohesive forces between water molecules on alveolar surface. This lowers the surface tension -\textgreater{} increases lung compliance and makes it easier to expand lungs.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Surface Tension - tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pleural Sacs - pair of thin, fluid-filled, membranes that enclose the lungs. Parietal pleura and Visceral pleura make up the sacs.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pleural Cavity - space between the pleural sacs, is filled with intrapleural fluid.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pressure Gradient - Air tends to move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Atmospheric Pressure - pressure exerted by the weight of the gas in the atmosphere on objects on Earth's surface (760 mm Hg at sea level).} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vocabulary (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Intra-alveolar Pressure - pressure within the alveoli} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Intrapleural Pressure - pressure within the pleural sac} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Boyle's Law - at a constant temperature, the pressure of gas varies INVERSELY with its volume.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Transmural Pressure Gradient = intra-alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pneumothorax - air enters the pleural cavity, transmural pressure gradient is lost and lungs collapse.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Passive Expiration - ribs, sternum, and diaphragm return to resting position upon relaxation of inspiratory muscles.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Active Expiration - CONTRACTION of abdominal muscles. Diaphragm is pushed upwards. Contraction of internal intercostal muscles flatten the ribs and sternum. REDUCES the size of the thoracic cavity.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Elastin - protein which facilitates the stretching and recoiling of structures.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pulmonary Ventilation - volume of air breathed in/out per minute.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 21
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pulmonary Ventilation - volume of air breathed in/out per minute.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Gas Transport - process  by which O2 and CO2 are transported between the systemic tissues and the lungs} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Respiratory Mechanics}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{During INSPIRATION, Palv \textless{} Patm} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{During EXPIRATION, Palv \textgreater{} Patm} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Remember BOYLE'S LAW: pressure and volume are inversely related so as the volume decreases the pressure will increase} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Example: Inspiration: 1. the thoracic wall expands 2. the lungs expand 3. Boyle's law: Palv decreases} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4 Pressures Important for Ventilation} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Atmospheric Pressure - serves as a reference point for pressure changes} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Intra-alveolar Pressure - changes during breathing, is a factor that drives air movement} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Intrapleural Pressure - helps prevent lung collapse} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. Transmural Pressure Gradient - pushes out on lungs and stretches them to fill the larger thoracic cavity} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is Pneumothorax?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- extremely dangerous: occurs when air is allowed to enter the plural cavity} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- can occur either by a puncture wound to the chest or a hole in the lung} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- RESULT: transmural pressure gradient LOST, lungs and thorax separate and assume own dimensions} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- THIS MEANS: 1. lungs collapse - air in pleural space removes suction that keeps inflation -\textgreater{} recoil and collapse AND 2. Thoracic wall expands - no lung pull = chest wall recoils on its own} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inspiration and Expiration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Inspiration & Expiration \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- The diaphragm CONTRACTS -\textgreater{} INCREASES vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity & - PASSIVE expiration: ribs, sternum, and diaphragm return to RESTING position upon RELAXATION of inspiratory muscles \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
- External intercostal muscles CONTRACT = ELEVATED rib cage & - ACTIVE expiration: abdominal muscles CONTRACT -\textgreater{} diaphragm pushes upwards = reduction vertical dimension of thoracic cavity \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inspiration and Expiration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Inspiration & Expiration \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
- The diaphragm CONTRACTS -\textgreater{} INCREASES vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity & - PASSIVE expiration: ribs, sternum, and diaphragm return to RESTING position upon RELAXATION of inspiratory muscles \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is Surfactant}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Surfactant: reduces COHESIVE forces between water molecules on alveolar surface. Lowers the SURFACE TENSION = INCREASE lung compliance} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Secreted by type II alveolar cells} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Effect is GREATER in smaller alveoli} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Deep breath increases secretion by stretching type II cells} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Concentration DECREASES when breaths are SMALL} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}