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\author{Tischler (MsRTischler)}
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  /Title (physics-praxis.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Tischler (MsRTischler))
  /Subject (Physics Praxis Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Physics Praxis Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Tischler (MsRTischler)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/202291/cs/42928/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Tischler (MsRTischler) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/msrtischler} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 4th April, 2024.\\
   Updated 4th April, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.432 cm} x{4.332 cm} x{0.836 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nature of Science: 15 questions, 12\%}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Vector}} & magnitude {\bf{NO}} direction Ex= speed, distance &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Scalar}} & magnitude \& Direction. Ex= acceleration, displacement &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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{\bf{Significant Figures}} & all digits after the first {\emph{non-zero}} are significant &  \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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 & ex: 0.00410 3 sig figs, 23840100 6 sig figs &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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 & leading zeros don't count &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & adding round to \# with the fewest decimals &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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{\bf{Accuracy}} & ex:how close results are to the true value &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Precision}} & how close results are to one another &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Systematic Error}} & consistent error &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Acceleration}} & v/t & 1/2gt\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Weight}} & W=mg=mass X gravity &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Work}} & W=Force x distance &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.008 cm} x{2.016 cm} x{2.088 cm} x{2.088 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Matter and Energy: 19 questions, 15\%}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Bohr model}} & electrons move in fixed orbitals (shells) and not anywhere in between and that each orbit (shell) has a fixed energy &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Particles}} & {\emph{alpha}}=  2p,2n bound & {\emph{beta}}=high energy, high speed electrons & {\emph{gamma}}=shortest wavelength \seqsplit{electromagnetic} waves \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Fission}} & breaks & releases  energy ex. atom smashing &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Fusion}} & combines & releases energy ex. sun &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Energy transfer}} & {\emph{radiation}}= emitted & {\emph{conduction}}= touch & {\emph{convection}}= fluids \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Thermodynamics}} & {\emph{1st law}}= \seqsplit{conservation} of energy & {\emph{2nd law}}= entropy increases & {\emph{3rd law}}= A perfect crystal at zero Kelvin has zero entropy \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.008 cm} x{2.016 cm} x{2.088 cm} x{2.088 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Matter and Energy: 19 questions, 15\% (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Ideal Gas Law}} & Boyle's law PV=nRT & pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse \seqsplit{relationship} &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Kinetic energy}} & energy of motion & =1/2mv\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Potential energy}} & stored energy & =mgh &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
PE=KE & mgh=1/2mv\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} & mgh=1/2mv+ mg(2R) &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 10
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ME= KE + PE & velocity b4 impact: square root (2gh) &  &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.052 cm} x{3.724 cm} x{1.824 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Waves: 21 questions, 17\%}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Transverse waves}} & motion in which all points on a wave oscillate along paths at right angles to the direction of the wave's advance. Ex Water ripples &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Longitudinal waves}} & vibration of medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels and displacement of the medium is in the same direction of the wave propagation. Ex: sound &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Mechanical waves}} & an oscillation of matter, and transfers energy through a material medium. ex: sound, water &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Electromagnetic}} & formed when an electric field couples with a magnetic field. ex. light, gamma &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 4
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{\bf{Compression waves}} & the particle motion is in the same direction in which the wave is propagating i.e. longitudinal &  \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Waves: 21 questions, 17\% (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
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{\bf{Doppler effect:}} & the change in the frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 6
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 & moving away= longer & \seqsplit{towards=shorter} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 7
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{\bf{Sound}} & {\emph{Sonic boom}}= shock waves created when an object travels through the air faster than the speed of sound &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{sound barrier}} sudden increase in aerodynamic drag that happens when an object approaches the speed of sound &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{Pitch}}=frequency & {\emph{Loudness}}=intensity \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Waves pt 2: 21 questions, 17\% (copy)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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{\bf{Snell's law:}} & relationship between  angles of incidence \& refraction &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{refraction}}= the bending of light or sound as it passes through something like a wall (sound) or a window (light). &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{reflection}}= the throwing back without absorbing it. &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & n1sin01 = n2sin02 & change in direction \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Optics}} & {\emph{real image}}= occurs where rays converge & {\emph{virtual image}}= rays only appear to diverge \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{Polarization}}= division into two sharply distinct opposites &  \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Lenses}} & {\emph{converging}}= both sides of the lens curve outward it will bend light from distant objects inwards toward a single point, called the focal point &  \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 9)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.292 cm} x{3.116 cm} x{3.192 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Waves pt 2: 21 questions, 17\% (copy) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
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 & {\emph{convex}}=refract and converge &  \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & further from lens the bigger the object appears &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{diverging}}=both sides of the lens curve inward and light from distant objects will bend outwards. &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{concave}}=refract and diverge, always smaller &  \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & + behind lens & - in front of lens \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & more lenses, - the focal length &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.192 cm} x{3.648 cm} p{0.76 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanics: 44 questions, 35\%}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Newton's 1st}} & {\emph{law of inertia}}: objects at rest remain at rest &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Newton's 2nd}} & F=ma: the greater the mass the more force needed to accelerate &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Newton's 3rd}} & every action has an equal and opposite reaction &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Kepler's 1st }} & all planets move in an elliptical orbit around the sun &  \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Kepler's 2nd }} & planets will move slowly far away from the sun, and faster closer to the sun &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Kepler's 3rd}} & the square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the axis of the orbit. &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Friction}} & force that resists the sliding/rolling of a solid object over another &  \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Bernoulli's principle}} & an increase in speed of a fluid simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's PE &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.192 cm} x{3.648 cm} p{0.76 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanics: 44 questions, 35\% (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Uniform circular motion}} & {\emph{centripetal}} acceleration, net force is directed to the center &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & increasing radius decreases force &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & F=m(v\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}/r)cos0 &  \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Rotational motion}} & motion of an object around an axis. {\emph{w=0/t}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Harmonic motion}} F = {\emph{-kx}} & {\bf{Hooke's law}} the force exerted by a spring is proportional to its length &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Collisions}} & {\emph{elastic}}- momentum conserved ex. pool balls move apart &  \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{inelastic}}- momentum not conserved ex. 2 cars stuck together, move together &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Centripetal force}} & increase radius, decrease the force. F=m(v\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}/r)cos0 &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Bouyant force }}  F =  -pgV & the upward force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Displacement}} & D=VT=velocityXtime &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Vectors}} & add or subtract by placing tip to tail &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.192 cm} x{3.648 cm} p{0.76 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanics: 44 questions, 35\% (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
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{\bf{Pascal's principle}} & The pressure at any point in the fluid is equal in all directions. &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & pressure input = pressure output &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 21
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{\bf{modulus}} & {\emph{bulk}}= reaction to squeezing &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{elastic}}= ratio of stress to strain &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{young}}= elasticity and length &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\emph{shear}}= elasticity and stress &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Pendulums}} & Time=2pi(square root (length/gravity)) &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & freq (displacement) = amplitude sin (ang freq * t) &  \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electricity \& Magnetism: 26 questions, 21\%}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Coulomb's law}}         F  =  k(q1q2)/r\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} & the force of \seqsplit{attraction/repulsion} between 2 charged bodies is proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Conductors}} & allows the movement of electrons and ions through. Ex. copper, gold, silver, steel, aluminium \& brass &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & have moveable charges &  \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Insulators}} & don't allow electric current to pass through, electrical resistance. Ex. glass, plastic, rubber, air, \& wood &  \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Ohm's law}} V = IR & the relationship between voltage, current \& resistance in an electrical circuit. &  \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.116 cm} x{3.116 cm} x{1.368 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electricity \& Magnetism: 26 questions, 21\% (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Biot-Savart law}} & describes the magnetic field generated by a constant electric current &  \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Lorentz force}} & combination of electric and magnetic force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields. {\emph{to determine the direction of the magnetic force on a positive moving charge, point right thumb in the direction of the velocity (v), index finger in the direction of the magnetic field (B), and middle finger will point in the direction of the the resulting magnetic force}} &  \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 23)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Ampere's law}} & the sum of the length elements times the magnetic field in the direction of the length element will be equal to the permeability times the electric current. &  \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.116 cm} x{3.116 cm} x{1.368 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electricity \& Magnetism: 26 questions, 21\% (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Lenz's law}} & direction of the electric current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field, the magnetic field created by the induced current opposes changes in the initial magnetic field &  \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Kirchoff's laws}} & sum of all currents entering a junction must equal the sum of all currents leaving the junction &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Electric field}} & the electric force per unit charge &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Electric potential}}  V = k(q/r) & amount of work energy needed per unit of electric charge to move the charge from a reference point to a specific point in an electric field &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.116 cm} x{3.116 cm} x{1.368 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electricity \& Magnetism: 26 questions, 21\% (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & the stronger the field= more potential &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
I=V/R & V=IR & R=V/I \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Series}} & one path & Rt=R1+ \seqsplit{R2+R3....} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & It= I1 =I2 & Vt = V1 + V2 \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Parallel}} & many paths & \seqsplit{1/Rt=1/R1+1/R2}... \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & It = I1 + I2 & Vt = V1 =V2 \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & decrease resistance= decrease length, increase radius &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & total resistance is less than individual &  \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Gauss's law}} & how much of something is INSIDE a completely closed surface by measuring how much is flowing out through the sides of that surface. &  \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.116 cm} x{3.116 cm} x{1.368 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electricity \& Magnetism: 26 questions, 21\% (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & the electric flux Φ across any closed surface is proportional to the net electric charge q enclosed by the surface &  \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Magnetic field}} & F= qvB sin 0, where q is the magnitude of the charge, B is the magnitude of the magnetic field, v is the speed, and is the angle of the velocity with respect to the field. As increases from 0° to 90°, the force increases. &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}